NO. 2 RECOGNITION AMONG INSECTS McINDOO IQ 



days, the remaining live bees were tested. Ten pairs showed no signs 

 of hostility; three pairs fought slightly; one pair fought quite 

 forcibly ; and five pairs fought fatally. 



The tops and bottoms of the 50 small cases were removed and 

 wire-screen tops and bottoms were used in order to have open cases. 

 A middle-aged worker from a frame of hive No. 67 was put into 

 each case. The cases were then placed side by side on supports near 

 an open window so that the air could pass freely through the cases. 

 Since it was too cool for this kind of experiment most of the bees 

 died, but after carrying on two sets of these experiments the fol- 

 lowing data were obtained : Three days after being thus confined, 

 seven pairs showed no signs of hostility ; seven pairs fought lightly ; 

 three pairs fought quite forcibly and three pairs fought fatally. The 

 hostility that resulted may have been due to the hive odor that had 

 accumulated during the nights, because the cases of bees were left 

 wrapped in cloths from 4.30 p. m. till 9.00 a. m. 



4. FAMILY ODOR 



To determine whether the honey-bee emits a family odor, the 

 following experiments were performed. The observation hive 

 (No. 81) became queenless about June 19, and since it contained no 

 eggs and no brood except worker pupae and few drone pupae about 

 ready to emerge on this date, two frames containing eggs and young 

 larvae removed from hive No. 23 were added to it. By June 26 almost 

 all of the brood in this hive was sealed and no eggs nor young larvae 

 were seen, and on this date a virgin queen from hive No. 68 was 

 introduced. On July 3, the new queen was laying nicely and many 

 eggs were present. 



On July 26, 20 old workers from a frame of hive No. 81 were put 

 into each of the 10 glass observation cases described on page 6, 

 when 10 young workers just ready to emerge from a comb in the same 

 hive were removed from their cells by means of uncapping the cells 

 with a pair of forceps. Since a period of 21 days is required for the 

 development of workers, counting from the time the eggs are laid 

 to the time when the adult bees emerge, it is plain that these young 

 workers were the daughters of the new queen, while all the other bees 

 in the same hive were daughters of other queens. These young bees 

 as usual had a faint sweetish odor and failed to give off any odor 

 resembling the hive odor. Young bees removed from their cells by 

 the method just described may be regarded practically devoid of the 

 hive odor for the following reasons : ( i ) They emit a faint odor 



