NO. 2 RECOGNITION AMONG INSECTS — McINDOO 29 



abdomens of lo bees from the alighting board of the same hive were 

 covered with Hquid glue. When the glue was dry one of these 

 workers was introduced into each case ; all lo were attacked consider- 

 ably. Sometimes the attacking bee grabbed the glued end of the 

 abdomen. 



After a short interval the writer rubbed his fingers along the 

 dorsal sides of the thoraces and abdomens of 10 workers from hive 

 No. 7 and then these bees were put into the cases with their hive 

 mates ; all lo were attacked slightly. 



(b) EFFECTS OF ODORS FROM CANDY AND HONEY 



Many times when the observation cases contained hungry workers, 

 like guards and fanners, strange workers that had been allowed to 

 eat much candy or honey were introduced into the cases containing 

 the hungry bees. In all such instances the hungry bees do not attack 

 the others, but beg food of them and when food is not forthcoming 

 they offer to attack the bees having food. 



B. Odors Emitted by Other Insects 



Entomologists have observed that practically all insects have some 

 means or other to produce odors, but comparatively few results 

 dealing with the odors emitted have been published, and most of these 

 appear as widely scattered notes. Under the above heading a brief 

 discussion of the results of a few authors will be given, although 

 under the following headings, which deal mostly with the morphology 

 of the scent-producing organs, a more complete discussion of the 

 literature will be presented. 



The earlier entomologists observed the various means by which 

 insects defend themselves, but they were usually ignorant concern- 

 ing the origin of the various liquids secreted. For example, Bur- 

 meister (1836, p. 506) says: 



Other insects secrete peculiar fluids, in which they partly envelope themselves 

 and partly thereby secure themselves from the attacks of their enemies. The 

 Aphrophora spumaria is one of these, which envelopes itself in a thick white 

 frothy fluid, that comes out of the anus .... We find other coverings in the 

 Aphidce and tortoise-beetles, which envelope themselves with a white woolly 

 or fibrous substance, the origin of which we are not yet acquainted with, but 

 it appears likewise to be produced by a peculiar secretion of the skin. Other 

 insects, as the cantharides, burying-beetles, carrion-beetles, carrion-flies, 

 wasps, etc., emit upon being touched such a nauseous stench, that this must 

 prevent every insectivorous bird from using them as food. 



