NO. 2 RECOGNITION AMONG INSECTS — McINDOO 3I 



Dimmock (1882) says that most Staphylinidse have a pair of 

 " evaginable " organs, one on each side of the anus, which give off a 

 disagreeable odor when protruded. 



Perez (1882) claims that each species of the bee, Prosopis, 

 examined gives off' a constant and characteristic odor which is unlike 

 that emitted by any other species of the same genus. 



Von Dalla Torre (1885) says that in many Zygaenidae each sex 

 has a sac between the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, which 

 exhales a very unpleasant odor. The males have, in addition, a 

 pair of sacs between the fifth and sixth abdominal segments which 

 emit an agreeable smell. 



Howard (1889) says that the coccid, Gossyparis iilmi, gives off 

 a pungent odor which is quite noticeable. 



Haase, according to Plateau (1890), states that there are three 

 types of scent-producing organs in Lepidoptera as follows : (i) The 

 defensive ones produce an irritating and nauseating liquid; (2) the 

 attractive ones are for bringing the males from a distance to the 

 females; and (3) the seducing organs are possessed only by the 

 males, and are found only in those species of which both sexes fly 

 well. The odor emitted is aromatic and resembles that from vanilla. 



Swale (1894) noticed that the staphylinid beetle, Olophrum piceiim, 

 is able to emit a quite disagreeable odor. 



Hamm (i89'5), while collecting Lepidoptera, carried a bag, which 

 a week previous had confined a female moth of Bombyx quercus. 

 Several males of this species were atracted to the bag, and he 

 attributes the cause of the attraction to the scent of the female still 

 retained in the bag. 



Keays (1895) placed a female of Corycia taminata in a box, and 

 when it was removed, the box contained a filthy odor which was 

 retained for hours thereafter. 



Webster (1899) states that the odor emitted from the San Jose 

 scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, may be detected from a considerable 

 distance. 



Cockerell (1899) says that he has seen a male of Margarodes 

 hiemalis " run over the ground until it detected a spot where a female 

 was buried, and then dig down to the female. It must certainly 

 have detected its mate by the sense of smell." 



Johnson (1899) asserts that in the coccids, Aspidiotus perniciosus 

 and Chionaspis euonynii, the odor emitted is perhaps for sexual pur- 

 poses or for attracting other insects. In another scale insect, Leca- 



