62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 68 



vesicle in each cell and empties its contents into the invaginated sac. 

 The same author (1900) claims that among the carabid bombardiers, 

 Pheropsophus holds the record for the complexity of its defensive 

 organ. There are twelve collecting tubes which empty into the hilum 

 of the kidney-shaped reservoir. The free end of each collecting tube 

 is divided into about a dozen short glandular tubes, and the reservoir 

 empties into a chitinous capsule whose walls are surrounded by the 

 cells of the " glande annexe." The capsule empties into an efferent 

 canal which runs to the exterior. Dierckx (1901) presented his 

 second large paper concerning the pygidial glands of beetles. He has 

 worked out the finer anatomy of various representatives belonging 

 to the Carabidas, Paussidse, Cicindelidae, and Staphylinidae. In the 

 various species examined the collecting tubes may vary in number 

 from one to several for each reservoir. The gland proper may be 

 a widening of the free end of the collecting tube, or a kidney-shaped 

 mass containing the many ramifications of the free end of the 

 collecting tube, or this free end may possess several short branches 

 which are not massed together, or the gland cells may be arranged 

 in bunches like grapes at the free end of the collecting tube. He 

 found the " glandes annexes " in most of the species examined, 

 and claims that they produce the yellow and clammy constituents 

 in the substance secreted. 



Francois (1899) claims that the pygidial gland of Aptinus dis- 

 plosor, a. carabid belonging to Brachynini, is more complicated than 

 that of Brachimis. In this species there are three collecting tubes 

 for each reservoir, and the free end of each tube is terminated by 

 four or five pairs of small groups of secreting cells, arranged 

 grapelike. The reservoir runs into a chitinous capsule which opens 

 to the exterior by an aperture under the exit of the cloaca. This 

 gland has a special innervation. 



Escherick (1899) concluding from the works of Dierckx, Bordas, 

 and Francois about the pygidial glands, remarks that all beetles 

 possessing these glands may be divided into two main groups : ( i ) 

 Those in which the collecting tube is simple, i. e., without an inner 

 tube; the glands may be acinous or tubular; and (2) those in which 

 the collecting tube is double, i. e., with an inner chitinous tube. 



Seidlitz (1899) reports a scent-producing organ in Blaps, Glasii- 

 novia, and Dermestes. 



Brandes (1899) states that in certain beetles bunches of bristles 

 are found on the head and thorax, and he thinks that these bristles 

 form a bridge between the scent organs of other orders of insects 

 and the anal glands of other beetles. 



