74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 68 



A walled kiva 54 feet square on a small stream running into the 

 San Francisco River from the north was investigated and found to 

 be of the type first discovered by Dr. Hough on the Blue River. On 

 the wall of this kiva grows a huge pine fully matured. It seems 

 rather strange that this kiva has not in its neighborhood any village 

 ruins which would house a population commensurate with the im- 

 portance of the work or elTorts necessary to accomplish its con- 

 struction. 



In the course of the work a number of large ruins were located 

 which appear to be worthy of further examination. The largest 

 of these ruins are in the Fox, Escondido, and Gallo Mountains and 

 seem to show that early migrations were conducted along the watered 

 mountains which stretch eastward from the Escudilla mesa forming 

 the southern boundary of a great arid basin area extending north- 

 ward from the Rio Grande to the Arizona line. It was observed 

 that the high mountain region presents a ruder culture than obtains 

 at lower elevations in river valleys or basins on the slopes where 

 agriculture produced better returns or where, in the flood plains of 

 rivers having their source in mountains, irrigation is rendered 

 feasible, as in southern Arizona. It was found also that the higher 

 elevations in the mountains did not enforce a hunter life on the 

 inhabitants for hardy varieties of maize could be raised, and thus the 

 mountain culture of the Pueblos presents itself as a ruder phase of 

 the more developed culture of the less elevated lands. 



Dr. Hough investigated varieties of maize grown at 7,000, 7,600 

 and 8,000 feet at Luna, Eagar, and Alpine respectively, and secured 

 samples for the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of 

 Agriculture. He also collected a number of very interesting slab 

 mask headdresses used in ceremonies by the White Mountain Apache 

 Indians and other ethnological specimens from this tribe, together 

 with some data on the puberty ceremony and so-called Devil Dance. 



The masks, composed of elaborate structures of slats of agave 

 flower stalk decorated with designs in colors and pendants of short 

 rods, etc., are very difficult to obtain. They appear to be related to 

 ceremonial paraphernalia which Dr^ Hough obtained from caves in 

 Arizona south of the White Mountain Apache Reservation, described 

 in Bulletin 87, U. S. National Museum (1914). 



ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN ARIZONA AND UTAH 

 The Indian Appropriation Act of May 18, 1916, provided $3,000 

 for the excavation and repair of the prehistoric clifif-dwellings 

 comprising Navaho National Monument in northern Arizona, the 



