8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 



a.i is non-diphthongal a plus i, ai being the correspoi'»ding diphthong. 

 Similarly, t.s is the non-afifricative t plus s, corresponding to the 

 affricative ts. 



4. Hyphens should not be used for phonetic purposes. They may, 

 however, be used to indicate morphological analysis. Where, in 

 continuous text, it seems advisable to indicate somewhat loosely 

 affixed elements (prefixes and suffixes not thoroughly welded with 

 stem) by means of hyphens, double hyphens may be used at the ends 

 of lines to indicate a break in the word not meant to be of morpho- 

 logic significance. 



VOWELS 



5. Pitch accent, where indicated at all, should be expressed by 

 means of diacritical marks over the vowel. These diacritical marks 

 are also to be used over sonant continuants (such as I, m, n, zv, z) 

 where these bear the pitch accent. The fundamental difference 

 between the system of pitch accent here recommended (the same as 

 has been fully described by Father W. Schmidt in various articles in 

 " Anthropos ") and that of indicating stress is that the diacritical 

 marks for the former stand immediately above the letter, whereas 

 those for the latter follow. High pitch is to be indicated by an acute 

 accent ( ' ) over the letter; low pitch is to be indicated by a grave 

 accent ( " ) over the letter ; falling accent from high to low is to be 

 indicated by a combination of the acute and the grave, i. e., by the 

 circumflex accent ( ^ ) ; rising accent from low to high is to be 

 indicated by a combination of the grave and acute accents, i. e., by 

 the inverted circumflex accent ( " ) . When it is necessary to indi- 

 cate middle pitch, this may be done by a vertical line above the 

 vowel ( ' ). 



6. Voiceless vowels, that is, aspiration with definite vocalic timbre, 

 should be indicated by means of small capitals of corresponding 

 vowels. 



7. Nasalization should be expressed by means of a hook, turned 

 to the right, placed under the vowel or voiced continuant. Thus, 

 nasalized a is indicated by a. This device may also be employed to 

 indicate semi-nasalized consonants. Thus, b would indicate semi- 

 nasalized b, acoustically midway between b and m. 



8. What might be rather vaguely termed subsidiary or weakly 

 articulated vowels of various sorts are to be expressed by means of 

 superior or inferior characters. Rearticulations (such as often 

 occur in Indian languages, e. g., a •'^ in Takelma), vocalic glides, 

 murmured or echo vowels pronounced with feeble energy, yet not 



