NO. 6 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF INDIAN LANGUAGES II 



sound indicated by the simple character. Thus, if represents dental 

 t, as in Slavic ; ^ indicates prepalatal g. 



12. Four main types of articulation are recognized for the stopped 

 and afifricative consonants of each position ; the sonant, the surd, the 

 intermediate (indicated by small capital forms of letters represent- 

 ing sonant stops), and aspirated surd (represented by the sign of 

 aspiration (') following the symbol for voiceless surd stop). Other 

 types of consonants involving synchronous articulations will be dis- 

 cussed below. 



13. Three main positions are recognized for stopped consonants: 

 the bilabial, the linguo-dental or linguo-alveolar, and the linguo- 

 palatal or guttural. The sonant of the fi^st position is indicated by 

 b, its corresponding surd by p, intermediate by b, aspirated surd 

 by p\ The voiced nasal continuant of this series is represented by m, 

 its voiceless form by m; the semi-nasal stop may be indicated by b. 



14. In parallel fashion, d, t, d, and T indicate corresponding con- 

 sonants of alveolar position (the tip or blade of the tongue and the 

 alveolar ridge are here taken as the standard point of articulation for 

 the linguo-dental and linguo-alveolar consonants), d, I, d, f indi- 

 cate the corresponding sounds for the true dental series, d, t, d, 

 and f indicate the corresponding sounds for the cerebral series. 



The voiced and unvoiced nasals for the three positions defined 

 above are respectively n, n; n, n; n, n. 



15. "Between the alveolar and guttural consonants is a set of dorsal 

 consonants, produced by the upper surface of the tongue articulating 

 against the forward part of the palate. Such consonants are indi- 

 cated by Greek letters. The four stops parallel to those enumerated 

 for the preceding positions are 8, r. A, and t'; the corresponding 

 nasals are v and small capital v (inasmuch as capital v is identical 

 with English A^, it is recommended that the lower case v be used in 

 somewhat enlarged form). 



8, and correspondingly for the other characters of the series, would 

 indicate dorsal consonants produced by articulating with the middle 

 surface of the tongue against or just back of the teeth ; 8, and corre- 

 spondingly for the other characters of the series, would indicate 

 dorsal consonant produced by articulating with the middle surface 

 of the tongue against the back part of the palate. 



16. The symbols, g, k, g, and k' indicate the guttural consonants 

 produced by articulating with the back of the tongue against the 

 posterior part of the palate ; the position given by g of English good 



