12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 



may be taken as the standard. The corresponding voiced nasal (ng 

 of English sing) is indicated by i] ; its voiceless form by /y. 



The front palatal series (illustrated by k of English kin, or still 

 more markedly by the anterior palatal ^-sounds of several West Coast 

 languages) is represented by g, k, c, 1/ ; and the corresponding nasals 

 by '^ and /y. 



The back palatal series, produced by the back of the tongue articu- 

 lating against the velum, is represented by .i^. k (or q), g, and k'; the 

 corresponding nasals are v and w. 



17. The rounded voiced bilabial spirant, or semivocalic u, is to be 

 represented by w; its voiceless correspondent, h (i. e., as used in 

 transcriptions of Gothic for hw). Unrounded bilabial spirants 

 (Eskimo / and v, according to Kleinschmidt's orthography) are to 

 be represented by <}> (voiceless) and /? (voiced). The dento-labial 

 spirants are respectively represented by / and v. 



The interdental spirants (th of English thick and then) are to be 

 indicated respectively by the two forms of Greek theta, 6 (voiceless) 

 and ''/ (voiced). The spirants corresponding to the various ^-sounds 

 are to be represented by s and 2; variations of position may be indi- 

 cated as in the case of f-sounds, .y and 3 representing the ordinary 

 alveolar sibilants, s and s the dental sibilants, and .y and 2 the cor- 

 responding cerebral sibilants. Dorsal sibilants may be represented by 

 a (voiceless) and ^ (voiced), which symbols, however, need be used 

 only when it is necessary to distinguish explicitly between dorsal and 

 apical sibilants ; as in the case of the other sibilants, forward and 

 backward points of articulation may be indicated by o-, ^, and (t, ^, 

 respectively. 



The spirants corresponding to the various ^-series are to be repre- 

 sented by Greek x (or ^) and y, which correspond in position to k 

 and g. The prepalatal spirants are to be indicated by x (as in German 

 ich) and y (y, pronounced as in English yes, will be the ordinary 

 symbol for the voiced spirant of this position, but it will be con- 

 venient sometimes to use the symbol y for a voiced spirant of the same 

 or slightly posterior position of non-vocalic effect) ; for x may, where 

 convenient, be substituted x. The back palatal spirants are x and y, 

 for the former of which may, where convenient, be substituted x. 



Spirants that are intermediate, as regards voicing, between typical 

 surd and sonant spirants, may be represented. by small capitals of the 

 corresponding characters for voiced spirants. 



Any spirant may be nasalized, to indicate which the hook, as usual, 

 is employed. Thus, r would represent the .:; of English ceal, but 

 nasalized. 



