14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 



22. Aspiration, as already indicated above in treating of aspirated 

 surds, in serving as a consonantal release or concluding a syllable 

 after a vov^^el, is to be indicated by breathing ('). Aspiration as an 

 independent consonant is to be indicated by h when strong, by breath- 

 ing (') w^hen weak. 



Nasalized breath may be represented by [ or It. Nasalized breath 

 with definite vocalic timbre may be indicated by putting the sign for 

 aspiration under the vocalic character : thus, /. Voiceless stopped 

 consonants with nasalized breath release and continuance of oral 

 contact during release may be indicated by putting the sign for 

 nasalization under the character for the stopped consonant: thus, p. 



The peculiar strangulated-sounding /i-sounds found in Nootka and 

 Arabic may be indicated by h. 



23. The glottal (epiglottal) stop is to be indicated by an apos- 

 trophe, '. Broken vowels, that is vowels cut in two by a glottal 

 stop, may be rendered a'a or a'", and correspondingly for other 

 vowels; the latter orthography is to be employed when the post- 

 glottal part of the vowel is weakly articulated (murmured or whis- 

 pered). 



A simple glottalized consonant, that is, a voiceless consonant 

 pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis, and whose 

 release also is simultaneous with that of the glottal closure, may be 

 indicated by putting the ' over the character ; thus, p indicates a 

 glottalized p (such consonants are found in Southern Paiute and in 

 Delaware), p', and correspondingly for other consonants, indicates 

 a consonant whose release is immediately followed by a glottal 

 closure. 



A common type of glottalized consonant in American languages 

 is the so-called " fortis." These consonants are generally pronounced 

 with simultaneous glottal closure and with glottal release subsequent 

 to that of the oral release. We may distinguish here between the 

 simple glottalized stop and the true fortis produced with very high 

 pressure and accompanying increased muscular tension of the articu- 

 lating organs, which gives to the sound its abrupt exploded character. 

 It is recommended that the orthography already in use (namely, p!, 

 and correspondingly for other consonants) be retained for the true 

 fortis ; p (and correspondingly for other consonants) should be used 

 to indicate the more weakly articulated glottalized consonant of this 

 type. 



A " glottal trill," that is, a vowel broken up by a rapidly succeeding 

 series of glottal closures (German " Knarrstimme "), may be indi- 



