NO. 6 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF INDIAN LANGUAGES 1 5 



cated by putting the apostrophe over the vowel. Thus, a is glottally 

 trilled a. 



A peculiar strangulated-sounding glottal stop found in Nootka, 

 and bearing the same relation to the ordinary glottal stop that h bears 

 to h, may be indicated by '. . 



24. Special modifications of consonants may be brought about by 

 synchronous articulations, that is, by the simultaneous action of some 

 other part of the speech apparatus than is primarily involved in the 

 production of the consonant. Nasalized and glottalized consonants, 

 two types of such " doubly articulated " consonants, have already been 

 discussed. Aside from glottalization, all such synchronous articula- 

 tions should be indicated by diacritical marks beneath the character 

 or by closely following inferior characters. This method seems 

 preferable to indicating them by means of superior characters, as in 

 this way confusion is avoided with consonantal glides. 



Labialized consonants, that is, consonants pronounced with simul- 

 taneous lip-rounding, are to be indicated by means of inferior w 

 closely following the character. Thus, /«, indicates an / pronounced 

 with markedly rounded lips ; similarly, kw indicates a k with simul- 

 taneous lip-rounding (not to be confused, of course, with kw). 



Palatalized consonants, that is, consonants modified by the simul- 

 taneous articulation of a large part of the surface of the tongue 

 against the palate (in other words, by the tongue taking y-position), 

 are to be indicated by closely following inferior 3;, Thus, % indi- 

 cates a palatalized dental n. The ordinary so-called " palatal " / and 

 n are probably best considered as palatalized dorsal / and n and should 

 thus, strictly speaking, be indicated by Xy (Italian gl) and vy (Italian 

 gn) ; ly and % would, however, be the normal methods of represent- 

 ing these consonants. 



In some languages a vowel or consonant may be given a distinct 

 velar or guttural resonance, due to the fact that during the production 

 of the sound an approximation is made of the tongue and velum or 

 tongue and posterior palate to velar or guttural closure without such 

 closure being actually attained. No symbol is expressly recom- 

 mended here for gutturalized and velarized sounds, but these sounds, 

 where noted, should be definitely indicated in some way. 



25. If a consonant forms its own syllable without a preceding or 

 following vowel, that fact may be indicated by placing a small circle 

 under the character. Thus, n indicates syllabic n, as in English 

 button (ba'tn). 



