NO. 2 



SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I918 



79 



It was found that the artificial heaps of stones in the Montezuma 

 \alley and the mesa north of the McEhno are arranged in clusters 

 forming villages like the Mummy Lake Grouj^ on the Mesa Verde. 

 All component mounds of a group are the remains of buildings con- 

 structed on the same general plan, their size depending on the number 

 of component unit types or kivas. The characteristic form of a unit 

 type with four kivas is shown in Far \'iew House, illustrated in the 

 account of field-work for 191 6. There is every reason to sui)pose 

 that a like clustering of small pueblos into villages occurs on the 

 Mesa A erde. throughout Montezuma \'alley. and on the summits of 

 the mesa north of the McElmo. 



Fig. 90. — Mound on Santa Fe Ranch, near Topila, Vera Cruz. Courtesy of 

 Drs. Adrian. Stauh, and Mr. Muir. 



Chronologically arranged, the classification of ancient hal^itations 

 in the McElmo, adopted as a result of recent field-work, is as follows : 

 ( I ) Single houses with walls constructed of rude cyclopean 

 masonry, stone slabs or megaliths set on end. (2) Milages in clififs 

 or in the open, composed of units of the same structure in clusters 

 or consolidated, each unit being composed of a characteristic circu- 

 lar kiva with vaulted roof embedded in rectangular rooms. Towers 

 and great houses, either isolated or united, are sometimes found in 

 this group, which is a prehistoric type, now extinct, the highest 

 attained by the Pueblos. ( 3 ) The mixed type of architecture, found 

 in modern pueblos, has no embedded circular kivas. and marks an 

 epoch of decline in house building largely due to admixture or in- 

 fluence of other tribes. 

 6 



