12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 



plastered ; in another place it was determined with certainty that 

 masses of plastic adobe had been forced between the posts and 

 smoothed over so as to cover them. 



Structures of this type, like the smaller shelters, were essentially 

 living quarters or work rooms. Such use is indicated by the central 

 fireplace — fireplaces were not present in any of the rectangular 

 dwellings — and by the small objects found in the debris surrounding 

 it. The two types were designed for similar purposes and, funda- 

 mentally, they were alike in construction. Only in form and size 

 did they differ to any marked extent. The central roof of each was 

 supported by four pillars ; small poles made up the walls of both. In 

 the smaller shelters these poles slanted downward and outward from 

 crosspieces which rested upon the uprights ; in the larger rooms they 

 were set vertically and the wall supported the outer edges of a fiat 

 roof, laid in continuation of that directly above the fireplace. Struc- 

 tures of the first type were round or nearly so ; those of the second 

 class were quadrilateral. 



CEREMONIAL ROOMS 



Among the structures concealed by the big mound were three cir- 

 cular rooms and the remains of possibly two others. In form and in 

 their position relative to the adjacent, rectangular dwellings these 

 round rooms may be likened to the ceremonial chambers, or kivas, 

 so inseparably connected with prehistoric Pueblo dwellings through- 

 out the Southwest. They lack some of the structural details of the 

 latter, but their use was so obviously the same that it seems per- 

 missible to employ the recognized Hopi term in referring to them. 

 Such application of the word " kiva " has, in fact, already been made ^ 

 by the present writer, in considering circular rooms observed pre- 

 viously at Paragonah and in other sections of western Utah. 



In all distinctly Pueblo villages, both ancient and modern, the 

 ceremonial room was the nucleus about which the life of the com- 

 munity revolved ; the presence of more than one kiva denoted, 

 merely, that the village was composed of several clans, each having 

 its own unit organization and its own center of social and religious 

 activity. In certain historical Pueblo settlements of New Mexico 

 and Arizona, where Spanish influence was most pronounced, cere- 

 monial rooms lost their original shape when their builders purposely 

 hid them among dwellings of the house cluster, as a means of fore- 

 stalling priestly opposition. In other existing communities the kiva 



' American Anthropologist, Vol. 19, No. i, Jan.-March, 1917. 



