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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 



its flow of cold water southwards by Newfoundland is of great 

 importance, particularly for the temperature relations in certain 

 parts of the investigated region. 



A feature of the hydrographic relations which is of particular 

 importance to our investigation is shown in figure 3, but does not 

 appear in figure 2. South of the banks of Newfoundland, in the 

 region between 48° and 50° west longitude, there is a marked 

 " wedge "of cold water extending southward into the Gulf Stream. 

 Exactly in this region of the sea the icebergs penetrate in the 

 spring and summer. Below this " wedge " the water is much colder 





Figure 3. Currents and ice boundaries near the Newfoundland Banks 

 according to the steamer handbook for the Atlantic Ocean given in Schott's 

 Geography of the Atlantic Ocean. The denser the streamlines of the Gulf 

 Stream, the Labrador and the Cabot Streams (the last indicated by corrugated 

 lines), the greater their velocity. The full drawn curves I to VI give the 

 average boundary of the icebergs in June, the period of advance. The dotted 

 curves VII to X from July to October, the period of retreat. The arrows in 

 the same boundary indicate the direction of the advance and of the retreat 

 and also by their relative length the. velocity of these motions. 



to considerable depths than the water on both sides of it, for the 

 very cold bottom layers are pushed up towards the surface, a phe- 

 nomenon of which we learn 'from the Michael Sars expedition in 

 the year 19 10. This cold " wedge " is shown by all our tempera- 

 ture charts encroaching upon the warmer water masses of the 



