156 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70 



Bremen show well marked agreement with the inverted sun spot 

 curve for the five sun spot periods 1830-83, but it appears that the 

 temperature in the period after 1883 went partly in the opposite 

 direction. His five-year smooth curve for the summer temperature 

 (April to September) in Bremen, agrees also very well with the 

 inverted sun spot curve for the four periods 1830 to 1870, but less 

 well with the two following periods 1870 to 1893. 



It has also been found that the time of the formation of the grapes, 

 the time of the vintage, and also the blossoming time of different 

 plants in middle Europe and west Europe varies with the number 

 of sun spots (so also the return of swallows in France). These 

 phenological phenomena point to the fact that in these regions the 

 spring months in the years rich in sun spots are warmer than those 

 of less sun spots. This has been confirmed also by Flammarion for 

 middle France and by Arrhenius (1903, p. 145) for north Sweden. 



By a collection of the summer temperatures in Turin from about 

 1752 on, and their comparison with sun spots, Rizzo found (1897) 

 that a temperature minimum follows about three years after a sun 

 spot minimum, and a temperature maximum about three years after 

 the sun spot maximum, with a temperature amplitude of 0.43° C. 



C. Nordmann (1903) investigated the yearly temperatures for 

 the interval 1870 to 1900 for thirteen tropical stations divided into 

 zones around the earth. He found that in the eleven-year period 

 the temperature very distinctly varied oppositely as the number of 

 sun spots, as found earlier by Koppen. But his amplitude between 

 maxima and minima was somewhat less and averaged 0.57° C. 



By a special form of analysis, Alfred Angot (1903) examined 

 the variations in altogether seventeen temperature periods, each 

 corresponding with an eleven-year sun spot period and six tropical 

 stations. In fifteen of the periods he found that the temperature 

 varied oppositely with the sun spot numbers, while for two series 

 1857 to 1867 for Bombay and 1875- ^ ^o^ Barbadoes, the variation 

 was in the same direction as that of the spots. 



Easton (1905) maintained that in the last three hundred years the 

 approach of cold winter gave the best indication of effect of great 

 variations in the solar activity on the climate of the whole earth. In 

 the temperature zones the sun spot frequency was particularly well 

 reflected by the approach of very cold winter (see Hann, 1908, 

 p. 358). 



From about a hundred years' observations in Vienna, Hann found 

 (1908, p. 357) that the temperature both in winter and summer is 



