NO. 4 TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC 23 1 



times the same action upon the temperature of the earth even at the 

 same place. In all the regions of the earth which we have investi- 

 gated the variations of meteorological elements go at times parallel 

 with those of the sun spots, the prominences, or the disturbance of 

 magnetic elements, and then with sudden change for a number of 

 years proceed oppositely and perhaps then return for another long 

 period of years to parellelism again. This follows also for the 

 shorter periods of a few years, as well as for the longer eleven- 

 year periods. 



Furthermore we have found that in places which are near to- 

 gether, and in the same action sphere, as for example Bombay and 

 Wellington, the temperature variations during a long period of 

 years may go directly opposite to one another. 



w m 



/902 



Figure 86. The distribution of temperature anomalies at Liepe's eight 

 stations at sun spot minimum in 1890 and 1902 and in sun spot maximum in 

 1894. 



NO DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIATIONS IN THE SOLAR 



RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS ON 



THE earth's SURFACE 



Although plainly the temperature variations of the earth must 

 depend on variations of the solar activity, yet from what has been 

 said it must be clearly borne in mind that the variations of the solar 

 radiation are not the direct cause of the variations of the air tem- 

 perature at the earth's surface and the variations on the surface 

 temperature of the ocean. 



As already mentioned, it has been suggested that the temperature 

 variations depend on variations in the frequency of clouds in the 

 earth's atmosphere or in the formation of ozone in the higher layers 

 of the atmosphere (called the stratosphere) depending directly on 

 variations of the solar activity and changes in the relations between 

 the incoming and outgoing radiation of the earth. In case this is 



