178 REPORT— 1872. 



On the Mangnema or Manyema of Dr. Livingstone. By Htde Clarke. 



The autlior identifies this population with the Niam-Niaiu or Nya-Nya of the 

 White Nile, as cannibals, with saw-teeth and the same ethnological characteristics. 

 He referred to the statements that some of the men have a deformity of the os 

 coccygis. 



On Tumuli at Asclieraden in Livonia. By Charles T. Croger. 

 (Communicated by Baron N. 0. Bogouschevsliy.) 



In 1837 a feai'ful iumidation laid open, near Asclieraden, — so called, perhaps, 

 because the Ask-nien (navigators) used to put up their boats (Ask) in this place, — 

 in Livonia, the contents of some tumuli. 



In most of these the following objects were discovered : — Bodies lying with faces 

 upwards, the arras placed crosswise on the breast and ornamented Avith spiral-shaped 

 bracelets ; some of these were dressed in a linen shirt made out of verj' delicate 

 strings fastened together ; over the shirt a woollen overcoat of a greenish-brown 

 colour, with metallic wire interwoven with the cloth, tlie whole tied round the 

 Avaist by a leather girdle fastened by means of a metallic brooch. Breeches (in some 

 cases of cloth and in some of linen) fastened under the knees, and on the finger- 

 bones brass rings. The head ornamented with a bandage (sometimes perfectly 

 smooth, sometimes pressed into the shape of a zigzag) ; also a kind of cap made 

 of spiral rings, which, being fixed on woollen bands, terminate in a point. 



Tlie ornaments on the neck consist chietlj^ of strings of glass and amber beads 

 and gilded or silvered balls of clay. From the shoulders to the knees hang rows of 

 chains (sometimes ninefold) covered with amulets in the form of birds, or with 

 household implements, such as keys, knives, &c. Spears with points ornamented 

 with silver, sheaths for arrows made of the bark of trees (such as birches) 

 fastened together by bands of metal, &c. Very few iron swords were discovered, 

 but a large quantity of coins, of various ages, were found with the bodies of tvarrivrs 

 only. Among the coins were some Greek coins from Thasos, Roman coins from 

 the third century B.C. do-wni to Emperor Yalentinian, Anglo-Saxon and Danish 

 coins from the earliest times down to the twelfth century, German coins from the 

 time of Otto I. to the eleventh century, coins of Wisby, and Arabic Dyrrhems from 

 757 to 1011 are very common. 



Note hy Baron N. C. Bogouschevsky. 



To judge by the general appearance of these bodies, their dress, and the detestation 

 which the inhabitants of the country entertain even at the present time for these 

 sepulchres, calling them "the sepulchres of monsters," they do not belong to any 

 of the Tchndic, Sclavonic, or Wend nations, but to the pilfering Northmen, who 

 made continual invasions into Greece, Constantinople, &c., very often choosing (as 

 can be seen from M. Karamzin's ' Hist, of the Russian Empire ') this road, through 

 the rivers Dwina and Dnieper into the Black Sea, and then following the west 

 coast as far as Constantinople, but very often proceeding further, into the Mediter- 

 ifinean, &c. As thej' came baclc by the same road, they left numerous traces of 

 their passages in the shape of tumuli, rows of which cover tlie whole length of 

 eoiintry between Livonia in the north and the delta of the Dnieper in the south, 

 and hidden depo.sits of Asiatic, Roman, and Greek coins, wliicli in some cases of 

 danger they were obliged to secrete, and afterwards were either prevented from 

 returning to these deposits by v.arious adversities, or perished on the way home, thus 

 carrying their secrets with them to the grave. 



Bejiort on tlie Victoria Gave, explored h)/ the Seltle-Cave-Exploration Committee. 

 By W. Boyd Dawkins, M.A., F.E.S., and R. H. Tidbeman, 3LA., F.G.S. 



Part I. — The Archceological and Zoological Hesidts. By W. Boyd Dawkins. 



Both geologically and historically, the results of the labours of the Settle-Cave- 

 Exploration Committee in the Victoria Cave dm-ing the last three years are of 



