TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 189 



cognizance of it in tliis manner, but proceeds to Tarious operations quite beyond 

 tliese, of a far higher nature, and embracing the consideration of moral and abstract 

 topics. In many cases animals are directly and uniformly impelled to do certain 

 actions, in which they are guided mainly by sensation, and to their excellence in 

 which they owe the perfect manner in which these operations are carried on. But 

 in addition to this blind impulse, they exhibit a capacity of remembering, and de- 

 liberating, and reasoning to a certain extent and ou certain matters, although they 

 are utterly incapable of acquiring any of the sciences of reading, writing, or even 

 speaking. Instinct is perfect as regards the ends for which it is adapted, but it is 

 limited to these ends. Intellect has a far more extensive sphere, in which, however, 

 it is far less perfect and unerring. A power of deliberating, as evinced by certain 

 animals, seems almost necessarily to imply their endowment with some sort of im- 

 material being, analogous, although very inferior, to the soul in man — an opinion 

 held by some of the distinguished philosophers whose opinions he cited. 



Mr. T. M'^K. Hughes exhibited a series of fragments of chert which he had col- 

 lected below a chert-bearing limestone on Ingleborough in Yorkshire. He explained 

 how tlie chert got shivered as the limestone broke up along its outcrop, and the 

 edges of fragments sticking out of the rainwash or drift clay got chipped by stones 

 rolling down the slopes, by trampling, sheep, &c., while the frost finished the work. 

 He pointed out that man seems generally to have dressed the edge of a flint by 

 blows or pressure of somewhat equal intensity ; whereas, except in rare instances, 

 the chips taken off by nature varied according to the size of the falling stones, &c., 

 and the position of the fragment being chipped. 



He had made this collection since examining the flints in the museum at 

 St. Germains, which are supposed by some to indicate the existence of man in the 

 Miocene Period in France, but which he considered should be referred to some 

 such agency as that he had just described. 



On some Bone and otJw Implements from the Oaves of Perigord, France, 

 hearing marhs indicative of Ownership, Tallying, or Gambling. By Prof. 

 T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S. 



A knife-like ivory plate, marked with regular pits, marginal notches, and groups 

 of lateral scorings, from the Gorge d'Enfer, opposite Les Eyzies, on the Vezere, 

 was the chief implement described and commented on. It is supposed by the 

 author to have reference possibly to some gambling-transactions of the aborigines, 

 as North-American Indians and others score their play on sticks and bones. 



The shape, systematic pittings, crenulated edge, and scorings on this specimen 

 were compared with known instances of such markings on ancient and modern 

 implements of savage make. The author recognized simple and compound scorings 

 and notches, similar to those made by Eskimo on their harpoons, as owner-marks 

 on several weapons of bone from the French caves. Some which appear to be 

 tally-marks, and several bearing either poison-grooves or capricious and aimless 

 cutting and dotting, were also described and commented on. 



Western Antliropohgists and extra-Western Communities. 

 By JosErn Ivaines, M.A.I. 6j-c. 



The author commenced by asking, " What are the duties of Western Anthro- 

 pologists to the less civilized communities of mankind ?" In answering it, he 

 said he should put out of sight altogether all considerations of a purely material 

 sort, and look only at the normal aspects of the subject. He argued that the 

 existence of the science of Anthropology depended on the preservation of the 

 less civilized, since little or no knowledge of human evolution or development 

 could be obtained but through them ; and the past history of mankind, espe- 

 cially of the races more advanced in civilization, could be understood only by 



1872. 14 



