50i . TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 



high. The graves are small pits lined with pebbles. Dr. Uhle spent several 

 years in excavating at Pachacamac for the University of Pennsylvania, and has 

 been able to form some idea of the sequence of the different kinds of pottery 

 from his finds there and in other places. The beautiful painted pottery at lea 

 and Nazca proves to be earlier on the coast than any other, and the primitive 

 fishermen learned the art of vase-painting from the proto-Nazca folk. Richly 

 clothed mummies, feather garments of symbolic design, mosaic ear-plugs, gold 

 and silver cups, and a cuirass covered with small metal plates, are some of the 

 treasures of the Lima Museum. 



Of the remoter Stone Age little is yet known in Peru, but chips and scrapers 

 are found in the alluvium on the plain of Lima, and the deposit with fragments of 

 rude pottery, observed by Darwin, can still be seen on the top of the cliff near 

 Bellavista. 



FBI DAY, SEPTEMBER 1. 

 Discussion on Totemism. 



(i) The Present Position of our Knowledge of Totemism. 

 By Dr. A. C. Haddon, F.R.S. 



(ii) An Interpretation of Totemism. By Dr. A. A. Goldenweiser. 



Totemic phenomena, in America and elsewhere, may be looked at from the 

 point of view either of the various ethnic features, such as exogamy, totemic 

 tabu, myths of descent, &c, or of the social organisations of the totemic com- 

 munities in their entirety. 



All the various individual features of totemism occur within as well as without 

 totemic complexes, and their psychological character as well as their genetic 

 derivation display great variability. Exogamous clans are found in non-totemic 

 communities, while the totemic clans of the Nandi and Taveta do not practise 

 exogamy. Moreover, by exogamy may be meant clan exogamy or local exogamy, 

 or that type of marriage regulation which depends on relationship, actual or 

 assumed. Exogamy is also in many ways correlated with endogamy, and neither 

 can be properly understood without the other. Further, the origins of the 

 various types of marriage regulations may be manifold. 



The case of the totemic name is in no way different : thus animal names 

 are found among the non-totemic bands and the religious societies of many 

 tribes in North America, while many of the Omaha totemic clans do not derive 

 their names from their totems. Nor can it be maintained that non-eponymous 

 totems and local names are associated exclusively with paternal descent; for 

 the paternal Baganda derive their names from one set of their totems, while 

 the clans of the maternal Tlingit and Haida, and the families of the Tsimshian, 

 have local names. Maternal descent, again, cannot be made one of the ' sym- 

 ptoms ' of totemism. Tabus on animals and plants are scattered far and wide, 

 beyond the limits of totemic clans. Tabus are associated with pregnancy, initia- 

 tion, mourning, age groups, hunting ; with sacred animals, such as snakes in India 

 or cats in Egypt; with the guardian animal of the American Indian. On the 

 other hand, the totemic animal is not always tabu. At all times and among many 

 people we find the belief in descent of man or men from beast. The beast need 

 not be a totem. The totem, in its turn, need not be the ancestor. 



It would be possible to treat in a similar way the belief in a spiritual or vital 

 relationship between clansmen and totems, reincarnation beliefs, magical cere- 

 monies, various types of initiation ceremonies, &c. It follows that all attempts 

 to characterise totemism by a more or less definite set of features must needs be 

 artificial. Consequently the distinctive characteristics of totemism are not the 

 individual features, but the relation into which they enter. The problem is one 

 of secondary association. 



In all totemic communities we find a differentiation of a group into definite 



