ON THE I'EKSENT ArmOPKIATION OF WAGES, ETC. 285 



330,000?. ; of the Public Schools, G5,000Z. ; the income of the Universities, 

 estimated at 1,000,000/. ; and the public grants for Science Art Museiims, 

 amounting to -580,000/., making a total expenditure on education of 

 upwards of 11,000,000/., only a fifth of which probably is on material, viz., 

 2,200,000/., or 0-20t/. gross and 0-04/. net per head per day. 



Literature, Science, and Art. 

 The number of books published during the year, including new books 

 and new editions, as given in the ' Publishers' Circular,' in the five years 

 from 1875 to 1879, averaged 5,200. Taking only 500 copies per book 

 and 4s. per volume, the amount would be 7,200,000/. Probably 5,000,000/. 

 is a safe amount to take as the annual expenditure. The expenditure for 

 Science includes the subscriptions to scientific societies, the maintenance 

 of private observatories and museums, schools, &c. The Art Exhibitions, 

 and the high prices given for painting, sculpture, &c., show that a con- 

 siderable amount is expended in the same. The total thus expended 

 under this head may be calculated at 7,000,000/. gross, or 5,000,000/. net, 

 or in the proportion of 0'13c/. gross and 0'09c/. net per head per day. 



Neivspapers. 



Another important branch of expenditure eminently educational is the 

 daily newspaper. In 1854 the number of stamps imjjressed on news- 

 papers in the United Kingdom was 122,178,000. Since then, however, 

 the stamp duty and the advertisement duty alike have been abolished, and 

 the penny paper has been started with marvellous success. Taking the 

 daily issue at 4,000,000, the cost to the public would be 5,000,000/. gross 

 and 3,500,000/. net, or in the proportion of 0'09t/. gross and O'OGtZ. net 

 per head per day. 



Church. 



Of considerable importance as respects the amount is the expenditure for 

 ecclesiastical purposes. In 1871 there were in the United Kingdom 62,950 

 clergymen and others connected with religious oflfices. Taking the number 

 now at 75,000 and their average income at 150/. per year, the total 

 would be 11,125,000/., alarge portion — fully a half, however — derived from 

 tithes and other endowments, and only about five millions as expended 

 from annual income. In 1851 there were in England and Wales 31,000 

 places of worship of all denominations. At this moment in the United 

 Kingdom there must be at least 50,000. Assuming only 200/. for expense 

 of maintenance, caretakiug, insurance, &c., the amount is 10,000,000/. ; in 

 this case also about the half being provided by endowments. Besides this 

 there is the amount contributed for missionary purposes, given in 1880 at 

 1,700,000/. Altogether the amount expended for ecclesiastical purposes 

 out of the annual income may be taken at 12,000,000/., but only one- 

 fifth of the amount as expenditure apart from salaries, viz., 2,400,000/., 

 or at the proportion of 0-23d. gross and 0-04fZ. net, per head per day. 



Amusements. 

 Theatres and Music Halls. 

 Lastly, there is the amount expended in amusements of all kinds. 

 First in importance is the theatre. In 1877 Mr. Hollingshead gave in 

 evidence that in London there were forty-five theatres licensed b}^ the 

 Lord Chamberlain, and six licensed by the magistrates, with a nightly 

 holding capacity of 76,000, being on an average of twenty per 1,000 



