650 KEPOET— 1881. 



hydrothecre, and do not in any way invalidate the conclusion arrived at from pre- 

 vious investit^ations into the morphology of the llliabdophora, that they are the 

 PalaBozoic representatives of the recent Hydroida. 



7. On some Ores and Minerals from Lauriuyn, Greece. 

 jByU. Stoves, F.G. 8. 



The metals of Greece are numerous and pay to work. The quantity of gold is 

 small, but at Doliana a bed of pyrites yields from 14 to 18 dwts. per ton. Most 

 abundant metals are lead and zinc, with a large quantity of silver mixed, and some 

 copper. Several mining companies now working successful!)' ; at present chiefly 

 washing and re-smelting the scoriae left by ancient miners. Formerly mining in 

 Attica was verj' largely carried on over 60,000 acres of ground worked, and upwards 

 of 2,000 galleries and shafts still remain, some as perfect as if left but yesterday. 

 The shafts vary from 20 to 140 j'ards deep. Excavations commence from narrow 

 galleries to wide chambers, ;i0 feet high and of great length. Vast numbers must 

 have been worked, as of the scoriiB left over 2,000,000 tons are officially reported 

 to exist, and manj' vast heaps were not measured. Taking the quantity stated, and 

 allowing nothing for other loss, upwards of 2,000,000 tons of lead, and 8,2-jO tons 

 of silver, are thus known to have been extracted, chiefly by Athenians. Existing 

 ores contain 6o% of lead. The scoritc still retain 10% and pay to work. Silver 

 is invariably mixed. Tlie argentiferous lead occurs in veins and pockets in granite, 

 mica-schists, trachyte, limestones, &c. (sometimes in great masses). Zinc occurs 

 chiefly in veins in limestone rocks, close-grained marble, sometimes in pockets, 

 frequently mixed with other metals. Although copper and nickel are present in 

 paying quantities, at present they are not worked. Attica is a great held for 

 mining industry, and Greece will in a few years add largely to her wealth from 

 her minerals. In addition to those mentioned, coal (lignite), marble, sulphur, 

 emery, arsenic, manganese, iron, barytes, and many other minerals of excellent 

 quality and in great abundance, are already being worked. 



8. Notes on the ChesJdre Salt-field. By C. B. De Rance, F.G.S., 



Assoc. Inst. G'E. 



The axith or regards thebrineof this areaasundergroimd water, travelling through 

 porous rock, which, coming in contact with rock-salt, becomes brine, whichrises at 

 pressure in natural springs, occurring along joints and other lines of weakness, and 

 at the points where the ' inverted syphon ' has been reached by shafts, in which 

 the brine rises in the manner that water rises in artesian wells. The total 

 quantity of brine produced, whether wholly issuing as springs or partially inter- 

 cepted by artificial works, is limited by the area of percolation, alone occurring 

 along the line of the original outcrop of the rock-salt. The effect of rainfall, 

 though not immediately raising the level to which the brine will rise, is ia- 

 Tariably felt. 



9. On some sections in the Loiuer Falceozoic Modes of the Craven District. 

 By J. E. Make, B.A., F.G.S. 



The sections are described by Professor Hughes ('G. M.' vol. iv.), but the age 

 of the beds is not definitely determined. The beds are as follows : — 



Austwick Beck, conglomerate resting unconformably on Bala beds, interstratified 

 with black shale, passing up into deposit of similar shales. These black shales, 

 surmounted by flaggy bed three to four inches thick, with Phacops clegmis, Boeck 

 & Sars. Above this are pule green shales, and theiL flags with Monograptus 

 jniodon and M. vomeriiuts. Similar section at Crumwaik Beck Head. 



In Lake district, bed, with Phacops elegans, lies between graptolitic mud.stones 

 and pale shales, and lithological characters of beds precisely similar to those of beds 

 near Austwick. Phacops elegans, hitherto unrecorded in England, is characteristic 

 of May Hill species, and thus forms useful fossil for determining horizon. 



