TKANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. — DEPT. ANTHROPOLOGY, 691 



the roof of the skull with the vertical line was made to accord with a second hori- 

 zontal line, in order to get uniformity of scale. The author referred to numerous 

 composites illustrating the physiognomy of disease, made by himself and Dr. 

 Mahomed, which were exhibited in the Loan Collection, as testifying to the applic- 

 ability of the process to various anthropological purposes, including the pictorial 

 definition of races. With the aid of the new instrument composites could be made 

 by him much more exactly and easily than had been possible before. The process 

 produces true anthropological averages. It gives an average face by a single set 

 of operations, between the features of which any number of cross measurements 

 can be made. It deals with averages of shading that can hardly otherwise be 

 dealt with, and it gi^es a picture at once, instead of data whence a picture may be 

 plotted. Lastly, it affords an excellent test whether any given series is generic or 

 not ; for when the portraits in the series make a good and clear composite it shows 

 that medium values are much more frequent than extreme values* and therefore 

 that the series may be considered a generic one ; otherwise it is certainly not 



4. Account of the Discovery of Six Ancient Dwellings, found under and near 

 to British Barrows on the Yorkshire Wolds. By J. R. Mortimer. 



Dwelling No. 1 is in connection with barrow No. 100, group 5, in the author's 

 openings, and is situated at the eastern end of the barrow, which is of the long type. 

 Its depth from the base of the mound was 6^ feet, with a floor surface of 9i feet 

 by 7h feet, and it was entered by two inclining passages, 24 feet in length'; the 

 northern one being cut by the side trench of the barrow, showing in this case that 

 the construction of the dwelling had preceded the excavation of the trench, and 

 was therefore older than the barrow. In the material filling the dwelling and its 

 passages were many streaks of burnt wood, a human femur, portions of an urn, 

 and many animal bones, all probably the residue of feasting. A little distance 

 from the dwelling were portions of three more dish-shaped urns, and traces of 

 interments. 



Dwelling No. 2 was situated within 30 ft. of an oval barrow, in which were 

 cremated interments. It resembled the previous one in having two entrance- 

 passages, and much burnt wood, indicating likewise its destruction by fire. 



Nos. 3 and 4 are of a somewhat simpler kind than the preceding ones, having 

 no entrance-passages. They consist of nearly circular excavations in the rock, 

 from 3|- to 4^ feet in depth, and from 7 feet to 8\ feet in diameter, in which were 

 found bones of the red deer and the urns. 



No. 5 is of an entirely different type from those previously named : it bad 

 consisted of an inner and an outer circle of upright posts, measiiring in diameter 

 2U and 28 feet respectively, the impressions of which were well-preserved, and 

 show that some had been pointed and driven into the ground, whilst othei s had been 

 placed in holes dug uito the ground with their thick ends downwards, and in some 

 cases extending 2 feet to 3 feet upwards into the body of the mound. In the 

 centre of the two circles was a.n o^•al graAe, cut 4 feet into the rock, and containino- 

 the flexed human remains of a large male. In front of his face lay a crushed food° 

 vase, and close to liis lelt slioulder was a perforated axe-hammer, ('layey matter 

 covered the grave, and extended to the outer circle of post-holes. This was 

 believed to be the residue of the sides of the dwelliug, in the centre of which its 

 owner was interred, and afteiMards the walls were pushed down over the ^rave 

 and covered with a mound. The author suggests that the space between the two 

 circles of uprights miarht have been used for storing heads of gi-ain, an<l other pro- 

 visions for winter use, at a time when, probably, man's dwelling was the onlv 

 building he possessed for all purposes. 



No. 6 resembles the last, and was found under barrow No. 41. Here also was 

 a circular bed of a clayey nature, 15 feet in diameter, and with stake-holes nearly 

 all round its margin. These stake-holes reached from 12 to 18 inches into the 

 ground under the barrow, and in three cases 5 feet upwards into the body of the 

 moimd. Small branches of oak, ash, maple, and other trees, thought to' be the 



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