TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 147 
A Note on Circassian and Etruscan. By Hyon Crake, 
The author found that the Circassi 11 was closely related to the Otomi, Tarahu- 
mara, Cora, and Huasteca of Mexico. This Circassian migration must have pre- 
ceded that of the Sumirians across the Pacific, of the Aymaras and Incas in Peru, 
of the Maya in Yucatan, and the Aztek in Mexico. At an historical period the 
Otomis are found turning back and attacking the Mexican kingdoms. The relation- 
ship of Otomi to the languages is distant, but yet showing the same affinities as 
Circassian does to the Sumirian group in the Old World, and notably to Etruscan. 
The Etruscan he regarded as distinctly Sumirian, on the evidence of its words, its 
grammatical forms, its numerals, mythology, and topographical names. The par- 
ticle td was found in Circassian and in Etruscan languages. 
A Preliminary Note on the Classification of the Akka and Pygmy Languages 
of Africa, By HypE Crarxe. 
This was an inquiry undertaken at the request of the Italian Geographical Society 
with regard to the dwarfs seen by Schweinfurth, Miani, and Professor Owen, and 
now at Naples. The language is not related to the languages of the Bushmen, 
Mincopies, Fuegians, Shoshons, and other short races... It conformed to that of the 
Obongo, the discovery of which by Du Chaillu in West Africa had been discredited, 
but was thus confirmed. Its other African relations were with the Moko, Rungo, 
Gonga, Ankaras, and Wuni; for besides the Pygmies of the Nile, the ancients had 
referred to Pygmies in India. Mr. Clarke had made a special examination and 
found traces of Akka and Obongo where they would naturally be distributed among 
the Garos, the Nagas, and the Gadaba, Savara, &e. The African types were di- 
stinctly traceable in languages related to the Carib in South America, as Baniwa, 
Ueanambeu, Tocantins, &c. It is evident, however, that the shorter races and 
languages are mixed up with those of more powerful Dahomans and Caribs, which 
will have to be divided, The Akka words for woman are of the most ancient type, 
and preserved by us and other civilized races to this day. The whole formation is 
rehistoric. Thus tooth, tusk, horn, and bone atford the names for elephant and 
ull, and leg for fowl. 
With regard to the neighbours of the Akka, the Niam-Niam, Mr. Clarke stated 
that the course of the migration was that of the boomerang (of Col. Lane Fox) in 
a line of legends of cannibals, filed teeth and tailed men from Africa, through the 
Australasian archipelago to Australia. 
On the Distribution of the Races of Men inhabiting the Jummoo and Kashmir 
Territories. By Freprric Drew, £.G.S., P.R.GS. 
From their position at the very north-west corner of India, at that part of its 
mountain barrier which has been the seat probably of some of the earliest settle- 
ments of the races which now form the chief part of the population of India, these 
territories both present ethnological problems of the deepest interest, and afford a 
rare store of facts available for their solution. In this paper the author desires to 
contribute some facts from his own observation without attempting much in the 
way of inference from them. 
In the enumeration of the races the principle is adopted of taking them as they 
exist now in communities having common characteristics (what may be called 
nations, eventhough they may not in most cases possess political unity), and not 
the principle of tracing out each caste in the various localities. For instance, 
among the Dogris, Paharis, and Kashmiris, there are many of the Brahman caste, 
and to the two former several other castes are common. ‘The tracing of each caste 
through the various nations in the hope of throwing light on their origin would 
be an interesting task, but the author has not been able to collect materials for 
it. He has taken the broad distinctions of communities as they actually exist, and 
mapped them village by village. 
The distribution, as well as the characteristics, of the different es is much 
