148 REPORT—1874. 
affected by the physical features of the country. Geographical, the first division 
is to be drawn between those on the south-west side and those on the north-west 
side of the snowy range which makes the watershed between the Chinab and 
Jhelam rivers on the one hand and the Upper Indus on the other. 
In the basins of the Chinab and Jhelam (in the latter of which is included the 
country of Kashmir) are found the four races—Dogrdas, Pahdris, Kashmiris, and 
Chibhdalis, All these are of Aryan origin, and, though differing among each other, 
have all a countenance of distinct Aryan type. 
The Dogras occupy certain portions of the outer ranges of the Himalayas, from 
the foot of the hills at a level of 1000 feet above the sea to heights of 3000 and 
yer 3s 4000 feet. They are a race of fair height, but slim; active, but not power- 
ul. They have well-formed and rather delicate features. Their complexion is of 
a brown colour, like that of the almond-husk, but rather darker. They are divided 
up into castes, in great part corresponding with those found among the other Hindus. 
The Paharis* occupy the higher mountains next beyond ; their dwellings are at 
heights from 3000 or 4000 feet up to 9000 or 10,000 feet ; they are, moreover, in 
some cases, situated between mountains of much greater altitude. The men of this 
race are stronger, of a more powerful frame, than the Dogras, but still they are 
active. They have good features, thoroughly Aryan, a good brow, and a decidedly 
hooked nose. Both in appearance and disposition they are very different from the 
Dogras; their habitat among the hills where snow falls has been the cause of many 
differences both in their customs and their nature. 
In the Kashmiris, whose race is the next to be mentioned, the differences which 
existed between the Dogras and the Paharis (at all events as far as physique is con- 
cerned) are carried further. The Kashmiris have a very powerful frame, broad 
shoulders, muscular backs, and strong limbs. In feature they present probably the 
best form of the Aryan type of countenance. They commonly have a high and wide 
ei a square brow, and a well-shaped nose, which in the older people becomes 
curved, 
The Kashmiris occupy their own enclosed valley of Kashmir, and have spread 
from it somewhat and formed isolated colonies, both in the neighbouring hills and 
at a greater distance. 
Inquiry has at different times been instituted about the Kashmiri language, and 
a good deal of information has been given, both as to its vocabulary and its grammar, 
notably by Mr. Bowring, Sir George Campbell, and Dr. Elmslie. The author is not 
in a position to add to this; but he wishes to point out what has hitherto not been 
observed, that the Kashmiri is one of a group of languages or dialects. The 
Paharis before described speak not one but several dialects, and these are closely 
connected with Kashmiri. One of these may be reckoned as about halfway between 
Dogri and Kashmiri (Dogri itself being connected with Panjabi and Hindi), while 
other of these dialects approach still more closely to Kashmiri. Some special cha- 
racteristics of that language, such as the occurrence of ¢s and z, where in Hindi 
dialects ch and j would occur, are found in all the Pahari languages. 
We thus find that, in language as well as in physique, a passage more or less 
gradual can be traced from the Dogras, through the Paharis, to the Kashmiris, 
To understand our next division, we must first consider the religion of those races 
that have been enumerated. 
Of the Dogras, by far the larger portion are Hindus. The Paharis are almost 
entirely Hindus. The Kashminis, originally Hindis, have been so far Muhamma- 
danized that perhaps only one tenth remain of their old faith, and nine tenths 
are followers of Muhammad. 
Now the Chibhdalis, our next race, are all Muhammadans. They consist of people 
of two, or possibly of three, of the former divisions who have ‘become Muhamma- 
dan and have acquired, partly from that reason, and partly from geographical sepa- 
ration, such characteristics as may now entitle them to be called a race. The 
Chibhalis extend from the outermost hills between the Chinab and Jhelam rivers 
northwards over mountains of 8000 and 10,000 feet in height. Those in the 
* The word Pahari means in the Hindi dialects “mountaineer.” The Dogras, how- 
ever, commonly restrict the use of it to denote the particular race in question, and I follow 
the practice for want of another name, 
