TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 149 
southern part of this area are distinctly Dogris who have been converted to Muham- 
madanism. Further north they seem to have been originally more like the Paharis. 
Yet further north, those called in this paper Chibhalis have possibly a greater 
ethnological connexion with the Kashmiris. 
We have now reached the high mountains. These are so lofty and inaccessible 
that the inhabitants are restricted to the valleys which ramify among them. 
Here to the north and north-east of the snowy range we find one race of 
Aryan origin, the Dards. These Dards, as has been shown by an examination of 
their languages (into which Dr. Leitner, if not the first, has been by far the most 
complete and successful inquirer), and as can be inferred from their physiognomy, 
are of Aryan origin. Into these territories they came from the north-west, gradually 
migrating ; their furthest point in a southerly direction is four days’ march short of 
the capital of Kashmir; in reaching this they spread over the watershed into the 
basin of one of the tributaries of the Jhelam; to the south-east also spreading 
they reached to within the boundary of Ladakh. Their villages are at levels from 
4000 feet high (in the Indus valley near to Gilgit) wp to 10,000 feet. 
The Dards are tall men, broad-shouldered, and well-proportioned ; they are bold 
and active mountaineers. They have a good cast of countenance, though they 
seldom reach to the degree of being handsome. Their hair is generally black, but 
sometimes brown; in this they show a difference from all the other races we have 
dealt with, among whom black hair is, the author believes, universal. Their eyes 
are either brown or hazel; he does not think that he has seen any blue. 
For religion, the Dards of these territories had formerly an idolatry of which we 
know little, and which may or may not have resembled that of the Hindus. They 
have now become for the most part Muhammadan; but a few villages, from their 
contact with the Ladakhis (a contact probably that occurred before the introduction 
of Muhammadanism), have adopted the Buddhist faith. 
We now leave the Aryan and come to three subdivisions of the Tibetan race. 
People of this race extend all along the Indus valley and into the various tri- 
butary valleys from Chinese Tibet down to below Skardu. At one spot only within 
the territories we are treating of are they found on the south side of the snowy 
range. These Tibetans must have come from the south-east, where the main mass 
of their race now live. They must have come, in search of a livelihood, across a 
long stretch of uninhabitable country. As they reached parts of the Indus valley 
fit for grazing and for dwelling in, they stayed with their flocks, herds, and tents. 
Again, they found their way further down the valley to where cultivation was 
practicable, and there they became agricultural. 
Of our three subdivisions all speak dialects of the same Tibetan tongue, and all 
have something of the Tibetan or Chinese cast of features. There are, first, the 
Champas, those on the south-east; these are still nomadic tent-dwellers ; they 
have sheep and goats and yaks; they occupy high-level valleys at altitudes of 14,000 
and 15,000 feet, changing their camp according as the season of the year gives most 
pasture in one place or another, 
Next are the Ladakhis, settled Tibetans, dwellers in villages at heights of from 
13,000 down to 10,000 feet. 
The people of these two subdivisions, the Chimpas and the Ladakhis, are 
Buddhists. 
The third subdivision is the Balti race. The Baltis were formerly the same as 
the Ladakhis, but now they so far differ from them that they have become Muham- 
madan, and have acquired peculiarities that arise from the customs which that 
religion brings with it. 
Thus with these various races has been filled up the space, all or nearly all the 
habitable ground, of the territories named. 
Of the bearing of the facts of distribution on the general question of the mode of 
peopling of these countries, little more can at present be said than that it seems 
quite clear that the Tibetans came into the area we are dealing with from the 
south-east, and that the Dards came into it from the north-west and north. Of the 
four races enumerated on the south side of the snowy range, the comse of migra- 
tion is not plain. But it is something to know the connexion that exists between 
each of them—to know that, in spite of the differences, one can pass, not very gra- 
