TKANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 135 



long liarrowi?, such as that of Scamridge in Cleveland. There is still, I believe, 

 some diiference of opinion among the anthropologists of East Yorkshire (where, 

 by the way, in the town of Hull, the science flourishes under the auspices of a 

 local Anthropological Society) — still, I say, some difference of opinion as to 

 whether the long-barrow folk were racially diverse from those who succeeded 

 them and who buried their dead in roimd barrows. But Canon Greenwell at 

 least adheres to Thurnam's doctrine, and holds that Yorkshire, or part of it, was 

 occupied at the period in question, perhaps 3000 years ago, by a people of moderate 

 or rather short statm-e, with remarkably long and narrow heads, who were ignorant 

 of metallurgy, who buried their dead imder long ovoid barrows, with sanguinary 

 rites, and wlio labour imder strongly founded suspicions of cannibalism. 



Of the subsequent period, generally known as the bronze age, the remains in 

 Yorkshire, as elsewhere, are vastly more plentiful. The Wolds especially, and the 

 Cleveland hills, abound with round barrows, in which either burnt or unburnt 

 bodies have been interred, accompanied sometimes with weapons or ornaments of 

 bronze, and still more often with flint arrow-heads. Where bones are found, the 

 .skull presents what Barnard Davis considers the typical British form ; i. e. it is 

 generally rather short and broad, of considerable capacity and development, with 

 features harsh and bonj-. The bodily frame is usually tall and stalwart, the 

 stature often exceeding (5 feet, as in the well-known instance of the noble savage of 

 Gristhorpe, whose skeleton is preserved in the Scarborough Museum. 



Though certain facts, such as the known use of iron in Britain before Csesar's 

 time and its extreme rarity in these barrows, and some little diiference in pro- 

 portion between the skulls just described and the type most common among our 

 modem British Kelts, do certainly leave room for doubt, I have little hesitation in 

 referring these round barrows to the Brigantes and Parisii*, the known occupants 

 of Yorkshire before the Boman conquest. 



Both what I will term provisionally the pure long-barrow and the pure round- 

 barrow types of cranium are represented among our modern countrymen. But the 

 former is extremely rare, while the latter is not uncommon. It is probable enough 

 that the older type may, in amalgamating with the newer and more powerful one, 

 have bequeathed to the Kelts of our own time the rather elongated form wliicli 

 prevails among them. Whether this same older type was really Iberian is a point 

 of great interest, not yet ripe for determination. 



Another moot point is the extent to which the population of modem England is 

 derived from the colonists introduced under the Roman occupation. It is my own 

 impression that the extent, or rather the intensity of such colonization, has been 

 overestimated by my friend Mr. Thomas Wright and his disciples. I take it that, 

 in this respect, the Roman occupation of Britain was somewhere between our 

 own occupations of India and of Soiitli -Vfiica, or perhaps still more nearly like 

 that of Algeria by the French, who have tlieir roads, villas, and military esta- 

 blishments, and even considerable communities in some of the towns, but who 

 constitute but a very small percentage of the population, and whose traces would 

 almost disappear in a few generations, could the communication with the mother 

 country be cut oft". 



If, however, any traces of the blood of the lordly Romans themselves, or of that 

 more numerous and heterogeneous mass of people whom they introduced as 

 legionaries, auxiliaries, or colonists, are yet recognizable anywhere' in this countv, 

 it may probably be in the city of York, or in the neighbourhood of Ciitterict. 

 The size and splendour of ancient Eburacum, its occupation at various times as a 

 sort of military capital by the Emperor Severus and others, its continued existence 

 through the Anghan and Anglo-Unnish periods, and its subsequent comparative 

 freedom from such great calamitiesf or vicissitudes as are apt to cause great and 

 sudden changes of population, might almost induce us to expect to find such vestiges. 

 If Greek and Gothic blood still assert themselves in the features and figau-es of the 

 people of Aries, if Spanish characteristics arc still recognizable in Bruges, why not 

 Italian ones in York ? It may be so ; but I must confess that I have not' seen 



* It haa been conjectured that the Parisii were Frisians ; but I think it very unlikely, 

 t Unless, indeed, York was tlie " municipal town " occupied by Cadwalla, and besieged 

 by his Anglian adversaries. 



