136 REPORT— 1873. 



them, or liave failed to recognize them. Catterick, the site of ancient Cataracto- 

 nium, I have not visited. 



Of the Anglian conquest of Yorkshire we know very little, except that it was 

 accomplished gradually by successive efforts, that the little district of Elmet, in 

 the neighbourhood of Leeds, continued British for a while, and that Carnoban 

 (which is almost certainly Craven) is spoken of by a Welsh writer as British after 

 all the rest of the country had ceased to be so — a statement probable enough in 

 itself, and apparently corroborated by the survival of a larger number of Keltic words 

 in the dialect of Craven than in the speech of other parts of Yorkshire. 



Certain regulations and expressions in the Northumbrian laws (among others the 

 less value of a churl's life as compared with that of a thane) have been thought to 

 indicate that the proportion of the British population that remained attached to 

 tlie soil, under Anglian lords, was larger in the north than in some other parts of 

 England. The premises are, however, insufficient to support the conclusion ; and, 

 on the other hand, we are told positively by Bede that Etiielfrith Fleisawr drove 

 out the British inhabitants of extensive districts. The singular discoveries 

 of Boyd Uawkins and his coadjutors in the Settle Cave, where elaborate orna- 

 ments and enamels of Romano-British type .are found in conjimction with indica- 

 tions of a squalid and miserable mode of life long endured, attest clearly the 

 calamities of the natives about that period (the early part of the seventh century), 

 and show that even the remote dales of Craven, the least Anglian part of York- 

 shire, afforded no secure refuge to the Britons of the plains, tlie unfortunate heirs 

 of Roman civilization and Roman weakness. The evidence yielded by local names 

 does not differ much from that of the same kind in other parts of England. It 

 proves that enow of Welshmen survived to transmit their names of the principal 

 natural features (as Ouse, Derwent, Wharfe, Dan, Roseberry, Pen-y-gent), and of 

 certain towns and villages (as York, Catterick, Beverley, and Ilkley), but not 

 enow to hinder the speedy adoption of the new language, the renaming of many 

 settlements, and the formation of more new ones with Anglian names. The sub- 

 sequent Danish invasion slightly complicated this matter ; but I think it is pretty 

 safe to say that the changes in Yorkshire were more nearly universal than in 

 counties like Devonshire, where we know that the descendants of the Welsh con- 

 stitute the majority. If the names of the rivers Swale and Hull be really Teutonic, 

 as Greta undoubtedly is, the fact is significant ; for no stream of equal magnitude 

 with the Swale, in the south of England, has lost its Keltic appellation. 



We do not know much of the Anglian type, as distinguished from the Scandi- 

 navian one which ultimately overlaid it almost everywhere to a greater or less 

 depth. The cranial form, if one may judge of it by the .skulls found in the ancient 

 cemetery of Lamel Hill near Y'ork, was not remarkably fine, certainly not superior 

 to the ancient British t^i'pe as Icnown to us, to which, moreover, it was rather in- 

 ferior in capacity. There is some resemblance between these Lamel-Hill crania 

 and the Belair or Burgundian type of Switzerland ; while the Sion or Helvetian 

 type of that coimtry bears some likeness to our own Keltic form. 

 " The group of tumuli called the Danes' Graves, lying near Driffield, and described 

 by Canon Greenwell in the ' Archseological Journal', have yielded contents which 

 are a puzzle for anthropologists. Their date is subsequent to the introduction of 

 the use of iron. Their tenants were evidently not Christians ; but they belonged to 

 a settled population. The mode of interment resembles nothing Scandinavian ; 

 and the form of the crania is narrower than usual, at least in modern times, in 

 Norway and Denmark. It is hazardous to conjecture any thing about them ; but 

 I shoidd be more disposed to refer them to an earlj' Anglian or Frisian settlement 

 than to a Danish one. 



We come now to the Danish invasions and conquest, which, as well as the 

 Norman one that followed, was of more ethnological importance in Y'orkshire than 

 in most other parts of England. The political history of Deira from the ninth 

 century to the eleventh, the great number of Scandinavian local names (not 

 greater, however, in Yorkshire than in Lincolnshire), and the peculiarities of the 

 local dialect, iudicate that Danes and Norwegians arrived and settled, from time 

 to time, in considerable numbers. But in estimating those numbers we must 

 make alln^\'auce for their energy and audacity, as well as for the very near kinship 



