138 REPORT — 1873. 



at-arms with very small holdings. Of the twenty-three, nine were Englishmen, in 

 several instances holding as dependents the whole or part of what had been their 

 own freeholds. The Breton ballads and traditions seem to favour the supposition 

 that Count Alan's Breton followers mostly returned home ; and Count Hersart de 

 la ViUemarqu(5e, the well-known Breton archaeologist, informed me that his 

 ancestors returned to Bretagne from Yorkshire in the twelfth century. On the 

 whole, I do not think it probable that the Breton colony was nimierous enough to 

 leave distinct and permanent vestiges ; but if any such there are, they may be 

 looked for in the modern inhabitants of Richmond and Gilling. 



Ilbert de Lacy, again, had a great domain, including most part of the wapentakes 

 of Morley, Agbrigg, Skyrack, and Staincross — extending, that is, far to the north 

 and south of our present place of meeting. Bradford, by the way, was then hardly 

 so important and wealthy aa at the present day. A thane named Gamel had held 

 it in the time of Edward the Confessor, when it was valued at four pounds yearly ; 

 but at the time of the sm-vey it was waste and worth nothing. 



Sixty -seven mesne tenants under Ilbert de Lacy are mentioned, of whom no less 

 than forty-one bore English names, and only twenty-six foreign ones. It is pro- 

 bable therefore that in this important part of the county the ethnological change 

 wrought by the Conquest was not greater, if so great as in England generally, but 

 that in the centre, east, and north-east it was of some moment, and that the 

 Scandinavian element of population suflered and lost more than the Anglian. 



It might be a matter of some interest to a minute ethnologist or antiquarian to 

 trace out fully the local history after the Conquest from an ethnological point of 

 view, investigating particularly the manner and source of the repeopling of the 

 gi'eat plain of York. 



After this had been completed, no further change of ethnological importance took 

 place during several centuries. The Flemings and Frisians, who, in considerable 

 numbers, settled at various times in Leeds, Halifax, and Wakefield, whether drawn 

 hither by the course and opportunities of trade, or driven by the persecutions of 

 Philip II. and the Roman Catholics, brought in no new element, and readily 

 amalgamated with the kindred race they found here. 



The more recent immigrations into the West Riding and Cleveland from all parts 

 of Britain, and even from the continent of Europe, have interest of other kmds. 

 Vast as they have been, they have not yet obscured in any great degi-ee the local 

 types, physical or moral, which still predominate almost everywhere, though 

 tending of course to assimilate themselves to those of the mixed population of 

 England in general. 



In describing these types I prefer to use the words of Professor Phillips, who, in 

 his ' Rivers of Yorkshire,' has di-awn them in true and vivid colom's. He speaks 

 of three natural groups : — 



" First. Tall, large-boned, muscular persons ; visage long, angular ; complexion 

 fair or florid ; eyes blue or grey ; hair light, brown or reddish. Such persons in all 

 parts of the county fomi a considerable part of the population. In the North 

 Riding, from the eastern coast to the western mountains, they are plentiful. 



" Second. Person robust ; visage oval, full and rounded ; nose often slightly 

 aquiline ; complexion somewhat embrowned, florid ; eyes brown or grey ; hair 

 brown or reddish. In the West Riding, especially in the elevated districts, very 

 powerful men have these characters. 



" Third. Person of lower stature and smaller proportions ; visage short, rounded ; 

 complexion embrowned; eyes veiy dark, elongated; hair very dark. Individuals 

 having these characters occur in the lower grounds of Yorkshire, as in the valley 

 of the Aire below Leeds, in the vale of the Derwent, and the level regions south 

 of York." 



I have chosen to quote from Professor Phillips rather than to give descriptions 

 of my own, both because his acquaintance with the facts is more extensive than 

 mine, and bocause I desire to pay my small tribute to the genius and insight of the 

 author of a work so unique and so admirable as his upon Yorkshire. 



He ascribes the first and second of these types mainly to a Scandinavian, the last 

 to a Romano-British, or possibly Iberian origin ; and appears to think that the 

 first, the tall, fair, long-faced breed, resembles the Swedes, and that the second} 



