TKANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 143 



as Oban, and as far to the east as Belgium in the Neolith age, the human remains 

 described by himself, Busk, Thumam, Broca, Dupont, and others being of the same 

 type as those from Basque cemeteries in the museum of the Anthropological Society 

 of Paris, and the associated works of art being for the most part the same. The 

 caves of the Iberic peninsula were also occupied by Basques m the neolithic stage 

 of culture. 



The Basque population was probably derived from Asia, and the route by which 

 they passed into Europe was probably the same as that by which the Celtae, Belgas, 

 and Germans advanced to the west rather than by way of Africa. It is also very 

 likely that the Basques stood in close relation to their neighbours the Etruscan, and 

 the two non-Aiyan peoples may have been identical in race, related to eacli other 

 as Celt to Belgian. 



Soms Eemarl-s on Etlinic Psychology. By Egbert Duxx, F.R.C.S. 



The comparative psychology of the typical races of man presents a subject for 

 investigation of great "interest" to many an ethnological inquirer and to all physio- 

 logical anthropologists, but at the same time is of a character so wide and compre- 

 hensive, that the author confines his remarks principally to the physiological bearings 

 of the subject — to cerebral psychology. He observes that, while comparative psy- 

 chology, in its widest sense, eiiibracesthe study and strict interpretation of all those 

 living experiments (to use the happy expression of Cuvier) which nature presents 

 to us in an ascending series in the wide domain of animal life, from the lowest 

 up to man himself, ethnic psychology restricts the inquiry to the genus Homo 

 sapiens and its typical varieties. He refers to a paper which he read at the 

 Cambridge Meeting of the British Association in 1862, " On the Psychological 

 Differences which exist among the Typical Races of Man," in which he dwelt upon 

 the importance of carefully studying and of contrasting and comparing the cerebral 

 organizations of the typical races, with the view, and as the most efficient mea,ns, 

 to the better understanding and elucidation of the psychological diflereuces which 

 exist among and characterize them. Believing as he then did, and as he still does, 

 that the distinctive psychical diiierences which exist among the tj'pical races will 

 be found to be engi-aven on their brains, he here again enforces the paramount 

 importance of this duty, and indicates a field of investigation and inquiry which, 

 if fully explored, cannot fail, as he thinks and believes, of throwing a fiood of light 

 upon the subject of ethnic psychology. He dwells on the labours of Gratiolet in 

 France, quoting the emphatic language of Professor Rolleston, of Oxford, "what 

 Blax Miiller had done for language and Adams for astronomy, that Gratiolet had 

 done for the anatomy of the brain ; " regretting at the same time that, notwithstan- 

 ding the labom-s of Gratiolet and the chart which he may be said to have provided 

 for our guidance as a standard of comparison, the brains of the typical races have 

 yet to be carefully examined, compared, and contrasted with each other. This 

 remains to be done, and is still a desideratum. He strives to impress stronyly on the 

 minds of others his own conviction of the necessity and importance of a more 

 exact knowledge than that to which we have yet attained of the cerebral structm-al 

 difierences which exist among the typical races. The basis of his own conviction of 

 the paramoimt importance of the duty of studying, contrasting, and comparing in all 

 the dift'erent races the nervous apparatus and organic instrumentality through which 

 their varying psychological phenomena are manifested, rests on the postulates that 

 the genus Jfomo is one, and that the brain is the instrument of the mind; and on the 

 consequent and legitimate corollary from these, that the distinguishing psychical 

 difierences which exist among the typical races are greatly ,_ if not altogether, de- 

 pendent upon structural differences "in their cerebral organizations. He says all 

 physiological psychologists are agreed that the vesicular matter of the great henii- 

 sphericaf ganglia of the brain is the sole and exclusive seat of all intellectual action 

 and volitional power, but that his own mind rests in the conviction, as a well- 

 established fact, that different parts and portions of the vesicular matter of the 

 cerebral hemispheres are the seat of special psychological activities and of different 

 kinds of mental action. He says the type of the brain is the same in all the different 

 races, and that in its evolution and ascensive development it passes through the 



