TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 



221 



Mr. .ToLu HamsLoitoui, late of Crewe Works ; and when the uiill is completed, 

 plates can be rolled of the largest superficial area e^-er yet attempted. There 

 are also extcDsive steelworks for making- crucible steel, having about 100 ppt- 

 fumaces, which are now in process of extension and improvement by the erection 

 of new furnaces on the Siemens and Siemens-Martin principle, to be worked 

 by Siemens's regenerative gas-furnaces. Engineering works comprise foxmdry, 

 smithy, boiler-fitting, millwright, wheelwi'iglit, and fitting shops. 



The Bowling Company itself supplies almost all the coal and ironstone which it 

 consumes, its collieries extending five or six miles in various directions, and the 

 main pits being connected together and with the ironworks by tramways worked 

 with wire ropes. The total length of these tramways is 21 miles, the number of 

 pits 42, and the number of hands employed in them is more than 2000. To work 

 the pits 61 steam-engines are required, having cylinders varying from 7 to 70 inches 

 in diameter, and to supply them with steam 81 steam-boilers are required of from 

 10- to 50-liorse power each. In the ironworks are 3 blast-engines, with blowing 

 cylinders van'ing from 76 to 81 inches in diameter, and 14 engines of from 20- to 

 CO-horse power, to give motion to the various machines, besides numerous small 

 engines driving separate machines and pumping water for the boilers. The_ number 

 of steam-hammers is 13, and helve-hamniers 2. The supply of steam is main- 

 tained by 33 boilers, of from 20- to 60-horse power each. The number of hands 

 employed at the ironworks is upwards of 1000, thus making a total of upwards of 

 3000. ' The yield per cent, on the raw ore is 32 per cent, of iron, and on the calcined 

 ore 42 per cent, of iron. The following are the relative quantities of minerals for 

 producing one ton of Bowling pig-iron : — Eaw ore, 3 tons 3 cwt. 3 qrs. 27 lbs. ; 

 calcined ore, 2 tons 7 cwt. 1 qr. 26 lbs. ; limestone ore, 18 cwt. 2 qrs. 12 lbs. ; coke 

 ore, 2 tons 5 cwt. qr. 9 lbs. The quantity of pig-iron used to produce one ton 

 of bar-iron (finished) is 1 ton 12 cwt. 1 qr. 25 lbs. The limestone is obtained from 

 Skipton, and is called locally " Skipton old rock." 



The following is an analysis of Bowling pig-iron : — 



per cent. 



Carbon as graphite . , 3-361 



Carbon combined '393 



Silicium 1-382 



Iron 92-952 



Manganese 1-475 



Phosphorus "602 



Sulphur -063 



Titanium trace 



100-152 



The sulphur in all the samples varies only very slightly, and may in fact be con- 

 sidered identical, the difference in the results not being more than those due to the 

 en-ors of experiment. The phosphorus in all the samples exists in precisely the 

 same quantity, the whole of this element present in the ore combining with the 

 iron. The author exhibited a sketch of the original blast-furnace at Bowling, now 

 in existence, and working to within two or three weeks, presuming it might be 

 interesting to some of the members of the Association. He has been toldby some 

 of the oldest inhabitants of Bowling that there was only one tuyereat first; but 

 two have now been used for many years, the nozzles being 2f in. diameter, and 

 the pressure of blast supplied to this and the other furnaces 32 ounces. The iron 

 for plates and bars is taken direct to the refineries or oxidizing hearths. The 

 metal is placed upon the hearlh, covered with coke, and a blast is forced over the 

 surface. Two tons of refined or plate metal are produced from each charge, which 

 is run into moulds cooled by water, the refined metal being about 2 inches thick 

 and 12 feet long by 4 feet broad. From the refineries the plate, or refined metal, 

 is taken to the puddling-furnaces for conversion into malleable iron in the usual 

 manner, by charges of about 3 cwt. at a time, and each puddling-furnace is charged 

 ten times a day. The quality of the iron necessitates more attention from the 

 puddler than the commoner classes of iron ; and to insure the extra attention and 



