NO. 6 YAKSAS COOMARASVVAMY I9 



the buildings. Indian styles of architecture, of course, are not sec- 

 tarian ; the style is that of the period. So that to discuss this question 

 fully would involve a discussion of all structural temple architecture 

 from the Maurya to the Kusana period inclusive; which would not 

 be altogether impossible, on the basis of literary references, and 

 representations in reliefs. This would take up too much of the space 

 at present available. But it may be observed that the Gujarat! com- 

 mentators gloss the word jakkhayayana by dyat thdnak deJiro, a little 

 domed temple/ This description would very aptly characterize the 

 little domed pavilions which are represented on Audumbara coins 

 from Kaiigra about the beginning of the Christian era, and on some- 

 what similar coins from Ceylon,' while a more elaborate structure of 

 the same type is seen in the Sudhamma Deva-sabha in the well-known 

 Bharhut relief (early second century B. C.).* Another example of a 

 " little domed temple " is the fire temple of the SancI relief, east torana, 

 left pillar, inner face, second panel. Cf . also HIIA, figure 145, 



One of the detailed descriptions of a Yaksa holystead may be quoted 

 in full : this is the famous shrine of the Yak.sa Purnabhadra (Punna- 

 bhadda) of which a long account is given in the Aupapdtika Siitra* 



Near Campa there was a sanctuary {cciya) named Punnabhadde. It was of 

 ancient origin, told of by nien of former days, old, renowned, rich, and well 

 known. It had umbrellas, banners, and bells ; it had flags, and flags upon flags 

 to adorn it, and was provided with brushes.^ 



^ Barnett, Antagada Dasao, p. 13, n. 5. 



^ Audumbara coins. Smith, V. A., in J. A. S. B., LXVI, pt. I, 1897 ; Cunning- 

 ham, Coins of Ancient India, pi. IV, 2; HIIA, figs. 116, 117. Ceylon coins, 

 Pieris, P. E., Nagadlpa , J. R. A. S., Ceylon Br., XXVII, No. 72, 1919. 



^Cunningham, Siupa of Bharhut, pi. XVI; or HIIA, fig. 43. 



* Leumann, E., Das Aupapatika Sutra, erstes Upanga der Jaina, Abh. Kunde 

 des Morgenlandes, VIII, 2, 1883. The same account is implied in the Antagada 

 Dasao, the quotation above being taken from Barnett's rendering inserted in his 

 translation of the latter text. 



The Jaina canonical works, like the Buddhist, may be regarded as good evi- 

 dence for the centuries immediately preceding the Christian era. 



It may be remarked that Jaina ceiyas are distinguished (from those of Yak- 

 khas) as arhat ceiya. 



^ Lo ma-hat tha: it seems to me that the rendering "brushes" may be due to 

 the translator's preoccupation with Jaina ideas. 



Pali loma-hattha means "with hair erect" (horripilation) in fear, astonish- 

 ment, or joy. May not the suggestion be here simply " marvellous to behold," 

 rather than the designation of an object? or could yak-tail fly-whisks {court), 

 more appropriate in a Yaksa shrine, have been meant? 



