NO. 7 ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF AMERICA — MOONEY 21 



limital, but some i,ooo Papago in Sonora are included with the Indians 

 of Arizona. 



The first invasion of this section, by Coronado in 1 540-1, resulted 

 in the destruction of perhaps a thousand Indians, chiefly of the Tigua 

 tribe, but as it was not followed up by permanent occupation on a 

 large scale until nearly a century later, we may assume that the Indians 

 recovered from the blow and continued to increase, without special 

 loss through mission establishment, until the general upheaval of the 

 great Pueblo revolt and reconquest, 1680-1692. This struggle prac- 

 tically wiped out the two largest Pueblo tribes, reducing the Pueblos 

 by at least one-third, and inaugurating a decline which has steadily 

 continued to the present day. The Yuman and Piman tribes were not 

 affected, the former wasting chiefly through tribal wars or perhaps 

 also by unrecorded epidemics, while the Pima and Papago apparently 

 continued to increase until the American occupation about 1850, since 

 when there has been a sharp decline among nearly all the tribes, due to 

 introduced diseases and dissipation, and starvation consequent upon 

 deprivation of water rights. Epidemics, especially of small]iox, have 

 been almost periodical for nearly a century, the last notable outbreak 

 among the Pueblos in 1898-9 resulting in the death of over 500. 

 Our Pueblo figures are largely based upon the investigations of Mr. 

 F. W. Hodge. 



The cognate Navaho and Apache seem to be an excei)tion to the 

 general rule, due to the fact that they have kept themselves free from 

 blood contamination and excesses, and, like the Iroquois, have re- 

 cruited their war losses by wholesale incorporation of captives and 

 broken tribes. For 50 years, beginning about 1835, the Apache were 

 in constant warfare with either Mexico or the United States, or 

 both, standing bounties being paid by Mexico for Apache scalps 

 during most of that period, resulting in a total recorded loss of at 

 least 2,000 killed. They were probably at their highest point about 

 1850, when they may have numbered 5,500 or even 6,000. The Navaho 

 have suffered much less in proportion in warfare, and very little from 

 other causes, and by reason of healthy blood and incorporation of 

 aliens, have probably increased steadily from the beginning of the 

 historic period. Their present number is given officially as 26,626, but 

 8,000 of this is reported as " a mere estimate." It is a mistake to 

 suppose, as has been claimed, that they have reached this number from 

 a total of less than 9,000 when released from military confinement in 

 1868. as evidence shows that onlv about half the tribe had surrendered. 



