TRANSACTION'S 01' THli SECTIONS. 133 



l(^;.Mc,al ainl [jatl'.okigical science, during tlie post twenty ycar.s liu\e Lowi fioni 

 iiH'ii busy in practice. Siicli busy men -will, no doubt, ahvays be found in tlie 

 rnnks of tlie medical profession, and they -will contribute so far to tbe adA aiicement 

 if medicine; but in the future, niucli scientific work, as a ba.^is of tlie practical 

 treatment of disease, must be done by men specially devoted to tlie laboratory, the 

 patholof^ical theatre, and the clinical ward. The origin and progress of these 

 diseased processes which cause cancer, tubercle, rheumatism, and gout, with all 

 their Kttendant evils, the discovery of the poisons which produce fever in its mani- 

 fold forms, the modes of counteracting- these poisons so as to arrest the progress of 

 fever at an early stage, and the iuvettigation of those diseases which destroy 

 thousands of our domestic animals, are all subjects which must be investigated 

 more systematically and on a larger scale than has yet been done. Such stupendous 

 work can scarcely be left to individual effort. To carry it on recjuires men, time, 

 and money; and'these can only be supplied by the aid of governments, or munici- 

 palities, or by private munificer.ee. Already excellent work has been dene by 

 Professor Burdon Sanderson and his cradjutors, by Dr. Klein, and by Dr. Thudi- 

 cim), for the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, and by Professor Rutherford, 

 Dr. Braidwood, and others, at the instance of the Briti.'h Medical Association ; 

 but still the amoimt of aid gi-^-en is small alongside of what is lavished, for 

 example, in warlike experiments. Compared with what is needed for the nianu- 

 factiire, testing, and equipment of an 80-ton gun, designed to destroy human life 

 and property (no doubt on the theory that it is for the ultimate welfare of the 

 State to do so), a small sum would be necessary ; but authorities do not yet see the 

 \akt importance of inc[uiries of this kind, and consequently consider two or three 

 thousand poimds per annum sufficient. We accept gratefully wh.at help is gi^en ; 

 but we look for more. I hope to see the day when Government will equip and 

 thoroughly furnish a body of men for the investigation on a large scale of the 

 genesis of such diseases as tubercle or of typhus fever, both of wl'.ich kill in Great 

 Britain alone thousands of people aiinualh', just as they have sent cut a 'Chal- 

 lenger' expedition to explore the depths of the sea, or have at present a number of 

 brave men engaged in the attempt to discover the North Pole. To strike at the 

 root of one of those great maladies that afflict the human race, such as cancer, 

 tubercle, or fever, weidd confer an inestimable blessing' on humanity, and honour on 

 the Government that proposed and carried out the imdertaking. 



Relation of Physiology to Psychology. 



As I have said, physiology is intimately connected with psychology, or of the 

 science of the mind ; and as this department of pliysiolegical "work has lately been 

 my chief study, I may be allowed to refer to it a little more in detail. 



Psj'chology may be divided into two parts : — first, all those pl;enon:cna which we 

 may include under the term mind properly so called, such as feeling, volition, and 

 intellectual processes ; and second, tlie phenomena which are associated with, and 

 which indicate the alliance between, mind and matter. Every mental act may be 

 regarded in the present state of knowledge as liaving a double aspect — on the one 

 side it is known to our consciousness, and on the other side it is tl;e result of a 

 number of physical processes occurring in tlie brain. 



The Methods of Psychology. 



In the investigation of mental pdienomena, two modes of inquiry have been 

 b.itheito followed. First, that of introspection and reflection, in which the inves- 

 tigator looks within himself for the facts of his experience ; and f ecor.d, that of tl;o 

 examination of physiological processes which coincide with sensorial or mental 

 changes. It is evident that the first of these methods, usually called the subjective, 

 is open to the objection that by it a mind attempts to obseive its own operations, 

 and that the proceeding is somewhat analogous to asking a machine to im estigate 

 its ovvni mechanism. This objection, urged in other words by Comte, Maudsley, 

 and others, may be answered by replying that the subjective method does not 

 attempt to explain the physiological phenomena concomitant with mental states, 



