90 REPORl' — 1875. 



Europeenne ' already spoken of, I have only to mention Bailly's ' Ornithologie cle la 

 Savoie ' (55), and Jaubert and Barth^lemy-Lapomnieraye's ' Richesses Ornitholo- 

 giques du Midi de la France ' (66), in each of which will be found mnch informa- 

 tion aboiit the rarer birds of the districts respectively treated of. 



d. Birds of Spain and Portugcd. — Much attention has been paid to the Avifaima 

 of Southern Spain of late years, but rather by visitors from the north than by native 

 naturalists. Lord Lilford and Mr. Howard Saunders hare both given us some 

 excellent articles in * The HdIs ' on this subject (57, 58), and have made a variety of 

 interesting discoveries, amongst which are actually several new species *, or at all 

 events well-marked local forms. Dr. R. Brehm, long resident at Madrid, has 

 also devoted much attention to Spanish Ornithology, and written a complete list of 

 Spanish Birds (59), which should be consulted. To Colonel Irby's work on the 

 Straits of Gibraltar (10) I have already alluded ; as regards the southern extremity 

 of the peninsula he is our best and most recent authority. For information on the 

 birds of Portugal we must again go to an English source, Mr. Alfred Charles 

 Smith's Narrative of his Spring Tour (60) containing the best information which 

 I am acquainted with on this subject. 



e. Birds of Italy. — Savi's ' Ornitologia Toscana ' (61), published as long ago as 

 1827, was for long almost our outy authority on Italian Ornithology. Bonaparte's 

 ' Iconogi-afia,' already alluded to (31), gave some additional information as to 

 rarer species. Salvadori's memoir on the Birds, forming the second volume of the 

 recently published ' Fauna d'ltalia ' (02), is the best and most recent authority on 

 this subject, and contains an excellent " Bibliografia Omitologica Italiana." A 

 large illustrated work on the birds of Lombardy has been recently published at 

 Milan by Bettoni (6.3). I must also call attention to the persevering way in 

 which Mr. C. A. Wright has worked up the Avifauna of Malta (64), and to Mr. 

 A. B. Brooke's recently published notes on the Ornithology of Sardinia (65). 



f. Birds of Tia-key and Greece. — Dr. Kriiper, a well-known German naturalist, 

 has been long resident in various parts of the Levant, and has contributed nume- 

 rous articles upon the birds met with to various periodicals. These have been 

 recently put together and edited by Dr. Hartlaub, and published as a number of 

 Mommsen's ' Griechische Jahreszeiten ' (06), which thus contains a summaiy of all 

 our principal information on the birds of Greece and its islands. Before that our 

 best authority on Grecian birds was Lindermayer's ' Vogel Griechenlands ' (67) 

 As regards European Turkey, Messrs. Elwes and Buckley have lately published a 

 good paper in ' The Ibis ' on its birds (68); and MM. Alleon and Vian have written 

 several articles in the ' Revue Zoologique ' (69, 70) on the ornithology of the 

 neighbourhood of Constantinople. But there is certainly still much to be done as 

 regards birds in this part of the continent, as likewise amongst the islands of the 

 Greek archipelago, mauj^ of which are almost unexplored by the naturalist. 



g. Birds of Southern Russia and the Caucasus. — Though many notices of the 

 birds of Southern Russia have appeared in the * Bulletin ' of the Society of Natu- 

 ralists of Moscow, I am not aware of any complete account of them having been 

 issued. D6midoff, in the third volume of his ' Voyage dans la Russie meridionale' 

 (.39), gives a list of the birds of what he calls the " Faune Pontique ;" but his 

 original observations are somewhat meagre. Eichwald's 'Fauna Caspio-Caucasica' 

 (71) and M^mStri^s's Catalogue of the Zoology of the Caucasus (38) should also be 

 consulted, although both are rather out of date. An excellent zoologist, Hr. 

 Gustav Radde, is now resident at Tiflis ; but I do not think he has yet prepared 

 any general account of the birds of the Caucasus, where there must "be certainly 

 much of interest, as is proved by the discovery of the remarkable Grouse, allied to 

 our Black Grouse, which has just been described by M. Taczanowskif. 



h. Birds of Gei-muny and Central Europe. — Local lists of the birds of the various 

 states of Central Europe, and their principal divisions, are very numerous ; and 

 there are also many manuals and memoirs on the same subject. But .1. A. Nau- 

 mann's excellent ' Vcigel Deutschlands ' (73), commenced in 1822, with its sup- 

 plements, is still, I believe, quite unsuperseded as a standard book of reference on 



* Gecinus s/tarpii, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 153, and Cakndrella bestica, Dresser, ' Birds of 

 Europe,' pt. 21. 

 t Tetrao mlokosiewicsi, Tacz., P. Z. S. 1875, p. 266 (72). 



