176 KijPOHX— 1875. 



On an Ethnological and Linguistic Tour of Discovery in Dardistan 4'c. 



Bij Dr. Leitneb. 



On Anthropology, Sociology, and Nationcdity. By D. Mackintosh, F.G.S. 



In tliis paper tlic aixthor defends liis statement of the results of observations in 

 England and Wales wliicli have already been given to the vrorld in the ' Transac- 

 tions of the Ethnological Society ' (1861), ' British Association Report ' (1865), and 

 ' Anthropological Review ' (1866). He believes that the inhabitants of different 

 parts of England and "Wales differ so much in their physical and mental character- 

 istics, irrespectively of circumstances, that many tribes must have retained their 

 peculiarities since their colonization of the country, by continuing in certain locali- 

 ties with little mutual interblending, or through the process of amalgamation fail- 

 ing to obliterate the more_ hardened characteristics. He describes the character- 

 istics of a race he provisionally terms Gaelic, traces the differences between the 

 inhabitants of South and North Wales, gives a minute definition of the physical 

 and mental peculiarities of Saxons strictly so called (rejecting the term Anglo- 

 Saxon as misleading), shows the difference between Saxons and Danes, follows 

 Worsaae in believing that the Danes liave impressed their character on the inha- 

 bitants of the north-eastein half of England, and tries to show that between the 

 north-east and south-west the difference in the character of the people, irrespec- 

 tively of circumstances, is so great as to give a seminationality to each division — 

 restless activity', ambition, and commercial speculation predominating in the north- 

 east, contentment and leisurely reflection in the south-west, lie concludes by a 

 reference to the derivation of the original inhabitants of New England from the 

 south-west, and mentions the fact that, while a large proportion of New-England 

 surnames are still foimd in Devon and Dorset, there is a small village called Boston 

 near Totnes, and in its immediate neighbourhood a place called "Bunker's Hill." 



Note on the supposed lost Language and Antiquity of the Kirghiz, or Buruts. 

 By EoBEET MicHELL, F.B.G.S., F.S.S., and Member of the Imperial Russian 

 Geographiccd Society. 



This people, which formerly dwelt in the country of the Upper Yenissei, now 

 occupies the valleys of the Thian-shau range, where, it seems, still more ancient 

 representatives of the race dwelt before those of the Upper Yenissei, driven (in the 

 17th century) by the second series of Mongol Altyn Khans, and finally by Russian 

 Cossacks, shifted their habitations. But while the Kirghiz of the Thian-shan are 

 alluded to by Chinese chroniclers of the 13th century, those of the Yenissei, or 

 Ulu-kem river, are spoken of in Chinese chronicles of the 5th century, where it 

 would appear, from a casual allusion to Kirghiz slaves among the Tukiii, in the 

 narrative of Zemarchus's mission to Disobul, they were at that time a vanquished 

 nationality. By the Chinese these Kirghiz are traced back two centuries n.c. 

 These Kirghiz,_anciently called Hakas, were overcome by the Tu-kiu or Turks, a 

 race quite distinct from the Hakas, who are supposed to be an Aryan people. 

 Their language is now Turk, and veiT few traces of their origin have as yet been 

 discovered ; but it is not impossible that philological inquiries may yet lead to a 

 discovery of many roots in the languages of the Finns and other tribes of that 

 family of the lost language, the Kirghiz or ancient Hakas. 



Language is often a deceptive guide to the determination of primitive stock. 

 Yet it cannot be but that a once numerous and powerful people, at one time speak- 

 ing a language of their own, have left in those that have superseded it evidences of 

 an earlier form of speech. In the language of the Tongouts in Ordos there are 

 sounds exactly similar to those uttered by the Finns, Laplanders, Savoyards, &c., 

 quite distinct from those in the Tm-k tongue, albeit these last-named people are 

 considered the Turk race. The author considers that a study of the symbols 

 which are in common use in the far East in place of written characters' would 

 probably afford some assistance on the spot to the philological student and serve 

 to throw some light upon tlie past. Joubert, Abel Remusat, Castrea, and others 



