CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Introduction 1 



Land settlement 9 



Historical background 9 



Encomiendas 10 



The Indian village or pueblo 11 



Land-measurement units 17 



The hacienda and ranches 19 



Boundaries of Quiroga and its ranchos 23 



Area of municipio 25 



Settlements in area of study 25 



Ranchos 25 



Icudcato 25 



Sanambo 27 



Carf ngaro 29 



La Tirimicua 30 



Atzimbo 32 



Zirandangacho 34 



Quiroga town 35 



Streets 36 



Street names 36 



Pattern 39 



Subdivisions 40 



Signs and numbering 41 



Pavement 41 



General appearance 42 



Water supply and plazas 45 



Bridges 47 



Houses and solares 48 



Land ownership 52 



Federal, State, and municipal lands 52 



The Indian community 53 



The Ejido de Quiroga 55 



Individual private property 57 



Land registry and taxation 57 



The people 62 



Population censuses 62 



Population 1742-1822 62 



Population 1822-1879 63 



Population 1882-1945 63 



Population by sex 65 



Population by age 65 



Age and sex 67 



Vital statistics 67 



Parish and civil registers 67 



Births 69 



Marriages 70 



Civil status 71 



The family 71 



Deaths 73 



Recorded deaths in municipality of 



Quiroga 73 



PAGE 



The people — Continued 



Vital statistics — Continued 

 Deaths — Continued 



Mortality rates 74 



Causes of deaths 75 



Seasons of death 79 



Age and death 80 



Sex and death 81 



Natural increase in population 81 



Origins of the population 81 



Local and temporary movements of popu- 

 lation 84 



The disabled an d deformed 84 



Names and ethnic origins 85 



Quiroga surnames 85 



Changes in surnames 87 



Comparison with Chilean names 88 



Types of surnames 88 



Ethnic origins 90 



Indian surnames 90 



Secular name changes 92 



The Indian element 93 



El Calvario residents 93 



Indian surnames in the Quiroga area 94 



Ethnic districts 95 



Government 97 



Historical background 97 



Municipal government 102 



Election procedure 103 



Political parties 104 



The ayuntamiento 105 



The municipal president 107 



The syndic 109 



Representatives of the ayuntamiento 110 



Employees of the ayuntamiento 110 



Municipal finances 111 



Municipal commissions 116 



Municipal justice 117 



State government 117 



Federal government 118 



Summary 119 



Economy 119 



Agriculture 119 



History of crop farming 121 



Soils and erosion 122 



General farming practices 128 



Soils and fertilization 130 



Field crops 131 



Units of agricultural measurement 132 



Maize or Indian corn 132 



Wheat 139 



