22 



INSTITUTE OT SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 1 1 



to defray the expenses of six masses a year by the 

 Franciscan friars in Tzintzuntzan for the soul of 

 Ger6nimo Ponce de Le6n (apparently a priest 

 and uncle of Nicolds Ponce de Le6n, the father 

 of Manuel Ponce) ; another portion had its proceeds 

 dedicated to the Cofradia del Santisimo Sacra- 

 mento in Piitzcuaro. 



After 1736 there is a hiatus in the records per- 

 taining to the lands east of Quiroga until the 1870's. 

 Dm-ing this period, and probably prior to 1795, 

 the great Hacienda of San Nicolas Itziparamuco 

 was broken into several lesser haciendas with differ- 

 ent owners. How, why, or when this took place 

 we do not know. However, in the archives of 

 the Ramo de Tierras for 1762-64 we discovered that 

 the Hacienda de San NicoMs Itziparamuco had 

 come into the hands of Isidro del Corral, and that 

 about that time it became known as the Hacienda 

 de Los Corrales, which would indicate that Isidro 

 del Corral held only a portion of the original 

 hacienda. From the Cocupao parish records we 

 learn that in 1795 there already existed the haci- 

 endas of Itziparamuco, Cuenembo, Atzimbo, and 

 Las Lomas del Metate; and that none of these 

 haciendas included the ranchos of La Tirimicua, 

 Sanambo, Icudcato, Caringaro, and Zirandanga- 

 cho, whose inhabitants were lumped in with 

 those of Cocupao. In 1822 Lejarza credits 

 Cocupao with four haciendas and five ranchos, 

 and Tzintzuntzan with three haciendas and three 

 ranchos, but the names are not given. We may 

 assume that the Cocupao haciendas were Itzi- 

 paramuco or Cuenembo or Corrales, Lomas del 

 Metate or El Tigre, Atzimbo, and possibly La 

 Teneria; and the ranchos were La Tu-imicua, 

 Icudcato, Sanambo, Caringaro, and Zirandan- 

 gacho. The Tzintzuntzan haciendas were San 

 Antonio Chapultepec, San Nicholas Sanabria, and 

 possibly El Tecolote; and the ranchos were 

 Patambicho, and two others of whose identity we 

 are uncertain. 



For the anarchic period 1823 to 1859 we have 

 located no records. In 1860 people from Icuacato, 

 La Tirimicua, Sanambo, Caringaro, Atzimbo, and 

 Cutzaro were reporting to the civil register in 

 Quiroga. The rancho or barrio of Cutzaro (it 

 went by both terms) was the ancient little pueblo 

 of San Miguel Cutzaro, a short distance to the 

 north of Quii'oga. By 1868 La Noria (an append- 

 age of Atzimbo) had become populated. Some 

 time between 1868 and 1873 Zirandangacho began 



to appear in the Quu-oga records. Either it had 

 been depopulated for a period, or its inhabitants 

 had been considered as dependent on Tzintzun- 

 tzan. Probably the boundary was highly uncer- 

 tain, since in January of 1874 the people of 

 Zu-andangacho buried their dead in both Quiroga 

 and Tzintzuntzan. The status of Atzimbo and 

 El Tigre was also uncertain in 1874, since their 

 inhabitants buried primarily in Tzintzuntzan but 

 on occasion buried in Quiroga. In 1872 the rancho 

 Irauco made appearance, and title to it was 

 disputed between Sanambo and Icu&cato imtil 

 (by 1884) it was adjudged to be a part of the 

 rancho Sanambo. By 1884 both Atzimbo and 

 El Tigre had lost the title of hacienda, and there 

 remained in the municipahty of Quiroga of that 

 period only the haciendas of Corrales, Sanabria, 

 and Chapultepec, to the south and outside of om* 

 area of study. The apparent course of events in 

 the ranchos portion of our area of study was as 

 follows: (a) Sometime between 1736 and 1795 

 the northern portion of the hacienda of Itzipara- 

 muco reverted to Cocupao, which had merely 

 rented the area to the hacienda, and the mestizo 

 inhabitants of the ranchos of Icuacato, Caringaro, 

 and Sanambo took over the ownership as well as 

 the cultivation of the surrounding lands; (b) the 

 central zone was divided into the haciendas of El 

 Tigre and Atzimbo wliich ceased to be haciendas 

 prior to 1884, and Atzimbo was divided among its 

 tenant farmers prior to 1870; (c) La Tirimicua 

 and Cutzaro persisted as Indian-mestizo com- 

 munities belonging to Quiroga; (d) the south and 

 eastern entities of El Tigre, Atzimbo-La Noria, 

 Zirandangacho, and La Teneria belonged to Qui- 

 roga in civU affau's, but to Tzintzuntzan in 

 religious matters, which caused confusion in both 

 fields. It should be pointed out here that the 

 Quiroga region was never troubled by religious 

 ownership of large properties, which was due 

 principally to the fact that Franciscans and not 

 Augustinians or Jesuits had controlled religious 

 activity in the area. A short distance to the 

 south, the east, and the northeast there were 

 many haciendas and ranchos which were owned 

 by the Augustinians or Jesuits at various times 

 up to 1856 when all real estate was taken away 

 from the religious. 



The last period of the hacienda is often termed 

 that of Porfirio Diaz because during his rule 

 (1876-1911) an essentially new group of large 



