CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Preface v 



The village 1 



Roots in the past 5 



The ecological base 13 



Habitat 13 



Soil 13 



Climate and seasons 14 



Water supply 16 



The mala 16 



Wildlife 17 



Population 22 



Sex, age, and racial distribution 22 



Fertility and longevity 25 



Infant mortality 26 



Mobility 27 



Hygiene and body habits 29 



Techniques of subsistence "_ 32 



Extractive activities 32 



Food collecting 32 



Hunting, fishing, and trapping.. 32 



Wild fruits 34 



Jfd 35 



Forest utilization 35 



Preparations for quarrying 36 



Food and food habits 36 



Pinga, tobacco, and cafi 39 



Dwellings and furnishings 42 



Fuel and Ught 47 



Dress 48 



Protection: the faca de bainha and the 



garrucha 50 



Tools and other equipment 50 



Weights and measures 56 



Division of labor 56 



Agriculture 61 



Sitios and fazendas 64 



Planting, cultivating, and harvesting. 66 



Gardens and orchards 68 



The mulirao 70 



Decline of agriculture 71 



Domestic animals 75 



Beginnings of cattle raising and 



dairying 77 



The dog 78 



Bees 80 



Outbuildings 80 



Manufacturing processes 81 



Handicrafts 82 



Basketry 83 



Making of fireworks 83 



Pottery 84 



The arapuca 85 



Grinding maize 86 



Sugar making 87 



Brickmaking 88 



Distillation of "pinga" 89 



The ecological base — Continued 



Techniques of subsistence — Continued 

 Manufacturing processes — Continued 



Making of charcoal 90 



Lumber 91 



Vendas 91 



Transportation 93 



Wealth and property 95 



Money, credit, and wages 97 



Society and culture 100 



Isolation and contact 101 



Caipira versus cidaddo 107 



Conversation groups 112 



Language 114 



Etiquette 120 



The cafizinho 124 



Making purchases 125 



The family 127 



Relations within the family 129 



Relations between the sexes 131 



Role and status of woman 134 



Mancebia 138 



"Natural children" 139 



Spinsters 140 



Widows 140 



Compadrio 142 



Ritual, ceremony, and belief 143 



Churches and chapels 144 



Sacred functionaries 146 



Santos 147 



Ringing of the bells 152 



Mass, reza, and novena 153 



Confession and communion 156 



Religious festas 157 



Almas and the Santa Cruz 167 



Promessas 173 



Romarias 175 



Evangelistas 176 



Spiritualism 182 



Skepticism 182 



PoUtical behavior 184 



Race relations 189 



Intermarriage 191 



Conflict 194 



Solidarity 197 



Status and prestige 200 



Leadership 205 



Social control 208 



Humor 209 



Proverbs, epigrams, and other common sayings. 2 10 



Social change 213 



Social disorganization 217 



Bibliography 220 



Glossary 221 



Index 225 



m 



