6 



INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY— PUBLICATION NO. 1 2 



The latter term came into general use only in the 

 seventeenth century. At the time of first contact 

 with the Europeans, the Carijo occupied the Bra- 

 zilian coast from what is now Rio Grande do Sul, 

 north to the southeastern tip of what is now the 

 State of Sao Paulo, a point immediately south of 

 the community under study. From the coast, they 

 spread westward to the Uruguay, Paraguay, and 

 Parana Rivers. They are said to have been less 

 warlike than the Tupi. Either they did not prac- 

 tice ritualistic cannibalism as did the Guarani 

 elsewhere, or early had abandoned this custom in 

 southern Brazil (Von Ihering, 1906, p. 15) . There 

 is a record of the Carijo having taken refuge with 

 the Portuguese at Sao Paulo in 1609 after being 

 "cut to pieces" by the Spanish (Actas da Camara, 

 etc., 1596-1622, p. 239). 



Figure 1. — Polished stone celt (% natural size), used by 

 indigenous Indians. Called by present inhabitants pedra 

 de raio, or "lightning stone." 



The first Portuguese to penetrate interior from 

 the coast found the Guayana living on the planalio. 

 In old documents, they are variously referred to 

 as Guayaniiz, Guayna, Goayanaz, Goyana, and 

 Wayannaz.* Like the Carijo, they are reported 

 less given to warfare than the coastal Tupi. They 

 materially aided the Portuguese who founded the 

 city of Sao Paulo. Tibiri^a, one of their chiefs, 

 played an important role in the affairs of this 

 Portuguese settlement. 



As late as the last century, the term Guayana 

 was still being used in the State of Sfio Paulo to 

 refer to Indians living at Itapeva and Faxina (Von 

 Ihering, 1906, pp. 10, 23). In 1882, however, 

 Telemaco Borba introduced the term "Caingang" 

 to refer to these and other related non-Guarani 

 peoples in Sao Paulo and the other southern states 



of Brazil. He was shortly followed in this usage 

 by Visconde Escragnolle Taunay and other schol- 

 ars, and the term Caingang has now come into 

 rather general use. 



Shortly after the Portuguese began to establish 

 themselves on the plateau where the city of Sao 

 Paulo subsequently grew up, a number of Guayana 

 withdrew from close contact and settled in villages 

 at Pinheii'os and Sao Miguel, the former of which 

 is now a suburb of the metropolis. In 1580, other 

 Guayana, fleeing from a severe epidemic ^ of dys- 

 entery at Sao Paulo which was killing off large 

 numbers of Indians, settled in four different local- 

 ities at varying distances from Sao Paulo, around 

 each of which subsequently developed a present- 

 day town. One of these settlements was located 

 on the Anhemby (today Tiete) River a few miles 

 from the commimity under study. Some time 

 later, the Jesuits made of this village an aldeia- 

 mento, or one of their centers for catechizing the 

 Indians, similar to those around which grew up 

 tlie present-day towns of Carapicuiba, Mboi 

 (Embii), Itapecerica, Itaquaquecetuba and Sao 

 Joao de Peroibe in the same State (Arouche de 

 Toledo Rendon, 1863, p. 297). In 1612, 600 In- 

 dians were reported to be living there. In 1633, 

 however, as a part of the struggle then going on 

 between the Jesuits and the other colonists, the 

 aldeiaviento was assaulted and "the padres ex- 

 pelled, the furniture of the church and school 

 broken up and thrown away, the chapel closed and 

 the Indians carried off." Subsequently reestab- 

 lished at a nearby site under Portuguese Govern- 

 ment supervision, this village in 1700 had 493 

 Indians and was the largest of six similar settle- 

 ments in the vicinity of the town of Sao Paulo. 



The Portuguese first appeared on the coast at 

 Sao Vicente in 1531. Their superior techniques, 

 especially of warfare, soon made them ecologi- 

 cally dominant in the region. Subsequently, the 

 native Indians were employed, either in exploring 

 the interior, where they acted as guides, hunters, 

 carriers and warriors, or to care for fields and 

 livestock on the farms of European settlers. 

 Opposition was met with superior force, and hos- 

 tile Indians were either destroyed or expelled 

 further and further into the interior. A system 

 of slavery emerged whose abuses both state and 



* In published accounts, the "z" Is sometimes substituted by 

 "s." In modern Brazilian speUing, the "y" has been substituted 

 by "i." 



" Anotlier serious epidemic among native Indians is reported 

 in 1635. 



