CRUZ DAS AI/MAS: A BRAZILIAN VILLAGE — PIERSON 



41 



the farms. The men's pipes are usually of wood 

 and are factory-made. The women's pipes ordi- 

 narily have a small clay bowl about three-quarters 

 of an inch high, which is factory-made, and a thick 

 stem of taquara pininga, cut from a nearby patch 

 of timber (fig. 4). The term jnto is universally 

 applied to the latter pipe, and has also been gen- 

 eralized to refer to all pipes, instead of caehimbo, 

 a term used elsewhere in Brazil. The chewing of 

 tobacco is less common, being occasionally in- 

 dulged in, principally, by a few older women. 

 Only one person in the community takes snuff. 



A person early becomes habituated to its use and 

 throughout life drinks it in considerable quanti- 

 ties. It is taken early in the morning and at the 

 two principal meals of the day and just before 

 going to bed. In addition, smaller amounts may 

 be taken at other times during the day, whenever 

 a person becomes thirsty. Cafe always accom- 

 panies the husband's almogo sent to the field, 

 usually in a pinga bottle which holds about a 

 quart, with a corn-husk stopper. The average 

 amount consiuned daily is probably about 1 quart 

 per person, including children. A farm mother, 



Figure 4. — ^(70, or pipe for tobacco, used principally by the okler women (natural size). 



taquara. 



Bowl is of clay, stem of 



Many children learn to smoke cigarettes before 

 they are adolescents and some at a still earlier 

 age. On a farm which was visited, for instance, a 

 4-year-old girl and her 3-year-old brother and 

 2-year-okl sister were all smoking cigarros de 

 palha (corn-husk cigarettes). Each held the 

 cigarette much as an adult would hold it and, from 

 time to time, as he listened to the older persons 

 talk, took the cigarette out of his mouth and sjjat 

 to one side or the other on the earthen floor. 

 "Joao's godfather," said a mother on another 

 farm, of her 3-year-old son, "taught him to smoke. 

 When he moved away, Joao kept begging, 'I want 

 to smoke and I haven't got any cigarettes.' So I 

 now give him one a day." 



Coffee is a favorite and universal drink. It is 

 prepared in Brazil by roasting the bean, with 

 sugar, and grinding it to a fine powder. As needed, 

 boiling water is poured over several tablespoon- 

 fuls and the liquid strained through a cloth and 

 sweetened further with granulated sugar, rapa- 

 dui'a "" or, occasionally, garapa?' This ca/e, rang- 

 ing in color from light brown to black, is ordinarily 

 taken without milk. Cream is never used. The 

 amount consumed by each individual is impressive. 



for instance, prepares each day more than 4 quarts 

 for her husband, herself, and two children, aged 

 respectively 3 years and 17 months. A woman in 

 the village prepares c«/e three times a day, early in 

 the morning, around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and 

 at night before going to bed. Each time she makes 

 about 2 quarts for her husband, herself, and five 

 children. These cases are typical. 



Children begin to use cafi quite early in life. A 

 young mother remarked, for instance, "My little 

 girl (3 years old) takes cafe in the morning and at 

 almo^o, and by 2 o'clock she's asking for it again. 

 Then she has it at supper and again just before 

 going to bed. She doesn't care for it in a cup ; she 

 wants it in a bottle." With this remark, the 

 mother filled a bottle with cafe and, adjusting a 

 nipple, gave it to the child. Of a younger 

 daughter, 15 months old, the mother then re- 

 marked, "Ines nurses. So she doesn't take as much 

 cafe as her sister. Only a cupful in the morning 

 and another in the afternoon." "' A village mother 

 of six children, aged 6 months to 11 years, re- 

 marked, "I always have cafe ready so that any 

 hour the children want it, they can go there and 

 help themselves." These cases also are typical. 



*" Crude brown sugar. See Sugar Making, p. 87. 

 " The juice of freshly crushed sugarcane. 



' The cup is a large-size teacup. 



