TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 115 



With regard to the cairns and the paraleliltra, Mr. Bate stated that Mr. Ferguson's 

 theory was that they occupied the positions of two opposing armies. The author 

 thought there might have been battles between the Scandinavians and the 

 Devonshire tinners. As they found several east Tors and no west Tors, he sug- 

 gested that they probably marked the position of the " Eastmen," in this case 

 Scandinavians. With respect to the paraleliltra, his theory was that the greatest 

 man who fell in the battle was interred in the paraleliltra, and the general mass 

 in the neighbouring cairn. 



The Eev. Prof. Beal exhibited and described a soapstone image from Pekin. 



The Bulgarians. By J. Bedboe, M.D., F.B.S. 



The author said that the races of Turkey were separated by national anti- 

 pathies and linguistic difficulties, and yet it was difficult to separate them, because 

 the boundaries of race in Turkey were very undefined. The true Slavs had ex- 

 tended themselves over a pretty large area in Asia, and maintained the same 

 characteristics. The Bulgarians, however, though they spoke Sclavonic, were a 

 dift'erent race altogether, and, strange to say, they had little or no Turanian element 

 in them. The original Bulgarians were a tribe from the north-east, from the Volga 

 region, where probably they were connected with the Huns and Avars, with whom 

 they appeared to have much in common, and who had been considered of mixed 

 Turkish or Finnish blood. By the kindness of Dr. Barnard Davis, who placed his 

 rich collection at his service, the author was able to see and measure a Bulgarian 

 skull and the cast of another, and to compare them with divers Sclavish, Turkish, 

 and other skulls. The cranium had the following characteristics, all of which were 

 considered by Copernicki to belong to the type : — Cylindrical form, moderate 

 breadth, frontal region sloping away rapidly above, and to some extent also late- 

 rally; absence of frontal and parietal bones, large occipital region, comparative 

 elevation of posterior part of skull, not one of which points were Sclavonic. The 

 narrowness of the forehead permitted the zygomata to be visible when looked at 

 from above. The nasal notch was deep, and the nose might have been well formed. 

 The face was evidently prognathous, and sufficiently so to distinguish it from a 

 Kussinack, Slavack-Czech, or Civat skull. The deformity of the nose, which 

 attained portentious proportions, occurred in a less degree among nearly pure 

 Sclavs, such as the Poles. The skull form, however, must be traced in the main 

 either to the pre-Bulgar inhabitants of Mcesia and Thrace, or to the true original 

 Bulgar. The author fell back upon the latter. His conjecture was that the type 

 was Ugrian, and that the modern Bulgarians were at least as much Ugrian as any 

 thing else. They differed from the Serbs in some points favourably, but in more, 

 perhaps, unfavourably. They were not, however, mere embodiments of force, but 

 were both industrious and ambitious, with a desire of knowledge and a capacity to 

 learn, and under more favourable circumstances better things, perhaps, might be 

 expected. 



Ethnological Hints afforded by tlie Stimulants of the Ancient and Modem 

 Savages. By Miss A. W. Buckland. 



The study of primitive agriculture, which formed the subject of the memoir read 

 by the author before the Association last year, led naturally to that of the stimu- 

 lants adopted by ditlerent races, because it was found that from a very early period 

 in the history ot mankind some sort of stimulant had been used almost universally. 

 Among the lowest races this consisted now, as in ages past, only of some root or 

 leaf chewed for its strengthening and invigoi-ating properties, such as the Pitberry, 

 recently discovered in use among nations in Central Australia, and the cocoa-leaf 

 among the Indians of South America ; but no sooner did the nations advance to 

 the agricultural stage than they began to make fermented drinks from the roots of 

 grains cultivated for food. Hence the beer of Egypt, which probably found its 



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