TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. — DEPT. ANTHROPOLOGY. 391 



justifying the proposal by reference to the meaning and derivation of the term 

 kanaka or tangata, which denotes ' man ' and ' mankind ' in all the Polynesian 

 dialects, and by the fact, that the Pacific Islanders are already known in the East 

 as Kanaks. 



4. On the Relations of the Indo-Chinese and Inter-Oceanic Races and 

 Languages. By A. H. Keane, M.A.I. 



Recent ethnological research in Further India and Malaysia could not fail to 

 affect the views hitherto entertained on the affinities of the peoples occupying this 

 area. The discovery of a non-Mongolian fair type in Lido-China, connected in 

 physique with the Western Asiatic type conventionally known as ' Caucasian,' and 

 speaking polysyllabic untoned languages, introduces a distinctly new factor into 

 the problem. An attempt is here made to show that this factor offers the true 

 solution of the intricate questions connected with the mutual relations of all the 

 Indo-Chinese and Inter-Oceanic peoples. The conclusions I have arrived at are 

 briefly these : — 



I. Two ethnical types, the fair and the yellow, have occupied Indo-China from 

 the remotest times. The yellow, or Mongoloid, is represented by the Burmese, 

 Khassias, Shans, Siamese, Laos, Annamese, mostly semi-civilised and settled, and 

 all exclusively speaking monosyllabic toned languages. The fair, or Caucasian, 

 varying from white to different shades of brown, is represented by the semi-civilised 

 and settled Cambojans or Khmers, Khmer-doms or ' Primitive Khniers,' Chams and 

 Kuys, and by the unsettled hill-tribes collectively known as Mois, Khas, Penongs, 

 or Lolos, all speaking closely related polysyllabic untoned languages. The his- 

 torical continuity of the fair type is shown by reference to the bas-reliefs of Ongkor- 

 Vaht. 



II. Malaysia and Western Polynesia were originally occupied by two dark 

 autochthonous types, for the present to be held as distinct — the Papuans mainly 

 in the East, the Negritos mainly in the West. The Negritos are still represented 

 by disjecta membra — Aetas in the Philippines, Samangs in Malacca, ' Mincopies ' in 

 the Andaman Islands, Kalangs in Java, Karons in New Guinea, possibly by others 

 in Borneo and Formosa. But elsewhere they have everywhere been rather sup- 

 planted than absorbed by the intruding fair and yellow races from Indo-China. 

 The Papuans are still represented by compact masses — Nufors, Arfaks, Kiotapus, 

 Koiaris, Waigiu, Aru, &c, in and about New Guinea; elsewhere they have rather 

 been fused with than supplanted by the fair and yellow races, the fusion resulting 

 in the so-called ' Alfuros ' of Oeram, Timor, Jilolo, Mysol, and other islands west of 

 New Guinea, and in the Melanesians of the Admiralty, New Hebrides, Solomon, 

 Fiji, Loyalty, New Caledonia, and other islands east of New Guinea. 



HI. Western Malaysia is now almost exclusively occupied by the fair and 

 yellow stocks from Indo-China, everywhere intermingled in diverse proportions, but 

 the fair, as the earliest arrivals, everywhere forming the substratum. Where the 

 yellow prevails, the outcome are the typical Malays of Malacca, Java, parts of . 

 Sumatra, Bali, Lombok, Coasts of Borneo, &c. Where the fair prevails, the out- 

 come are the so-called ' Indonesians,' or ' Pre-Malays ' — Battaks, Passumahs, 

 Atyehs, Lampungs of Sumatra, Dyaks and Kayans of Borneo, the natives of 

 Celebes, Nias, Pom, &c. Thus the Malay is not an organic, but essentially a 

 mixed type, oscillating between the fair and yellow, and at the extremes impercep- 

 tibly merging in both. 



IV. But though the Malay is ethnically a mixed type, its speech is unmixed in 

 structure, and fundamentally related to the Cambojan and other languages spoken 

 by the fair races of Further India. This relationship is established on a sound 

 philological basis, and the morphology of all these tongues is shown to be iden- 

 tical. The Indo-Pacific (so-called ' Malayo-Polynesian ') linguistic family is thus 

 extended so as to embrace the polysyllabic untoned languages of Indo-China, as 

 the source whence all the Oceanic branches derive. The total absence of the 

 monosyllabic toned languages of the yellow races from the Oceanic area is accounted 

 for, this remarkable fact affording the key to the order in which the prehistoric 

 migrations took place from the mainland to the Archipelago. 



