TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. — DEPT. ANTHROPOLOGY. 401 



diggers, which seems to be derived from the deer-horn picks used by the Neolithic 

 flint-diggers at Grime's Graves, of •which a great number have been found. 



3. Making Hammer. — The flaking hammer used by the Brandon flint-knappers, 

 which is known as the English Hammer, seems also to have been derived from the 

 Neolithic hammer. The peculiarities of these tools are pointed out. 



4. Implements. — The strike-a-lights now made at Brandon are in many cases 

 precisely similar to Neolithic specimens. The gun-flints have clearly been de- 

 veloped from strike-a-lights. The manufacture of strike-a-lights was the connect- 

 ing link between the Neolithic tool trade and the gun-flint trade ; and as strike-a- 

 lights have nearly succumbed to lucifer matches, so have their offspring, the gun- 

 flints, nearly become extinct before the percussion caps. 



4. On the Stone Age in Japan. By Professor John Milne, F.G.S. 



The author describes, from personal examination, many of the archaeological 

 remains of Japan. Kitchen-middens are abundant. Lists of the shells and the 

 bones which they contain are given, and the character of the associated pottery is 

 minutely described. The middens are ascribed to the Ainos, and it is noticed 

 that the ornamentation on the pottery resembles that still used by the Ainos of 

 to-day. The stone implements found in Japan include axes, arrow-heads, and 

 scrapers. Many of these occur in the middens. The axes are formed generally of 

 a areenish stone, which appears to be a decomposed trachytic porphyry or andesite. 

 It is pointed out that the Ainos used stone implements up to a comparatively 

 modern date. Tumuli occur in many parts of Japan, and in some cases are asso- 

 ciated with traditions. Of the many caves in Japan some are artificial, and their 

 exploration promises a rich harvest to the cave-hunter. The paper also contains 

 references to recent geological changes in Japan. 



5. On a collection of Organic Remains from the Kitchen-middens ofHissarlilc. 

 By Staff-Surgeon Edward L. Moss, B.N. 



The author remarked that whatever opinions may be held as to the site, or 

 even as to the actual existence, of heroic Troy, there could be no question about 

 the extreme interest attached to the Walled Acropolis, unearthed by;Dr. Schliemann. 

 It occupied the very spot at that stepping-off place between Asia and Europe where 

 tradition had placed the ancient stronghold. 



Dr. Schliemann had most liberally given him permission to collect some of the 

 bones which were exposed in every yard of the excavations, but the accumulations 

 were so extensive and of so many successive ages, that he had found it necessary to 

 restrict himself to those immediately overlying the old wall. They consisted of 

 charred and broken bones of deer, goat, sheep, ox, and boar, often marked by 

 sharp cutting instruments, sometimes, as in an instance of a tibia of deer exhibited, 

 converted into implements — worn astragali were common, and may have been used 

 in the well-known children's game. He had seen no human bones except those of 

 an unborn infant of about six months, enclosed in a pot with a quantity of, perhaps, 

 unidentifiable calcined bones. 



Bones of dog and of a small carnivora, like a weasel, were, no doubt, acci- 

 dentally mixed up with the vestiges of the prehistoric feasts. Birds were repre- 

 sented in the collection by the tibia of a teal, and the leg and wing bones of a 

 wader. 



The very abundant molluscous remains consisted almost entirely of the edible 

 genera now used everywhere on the shores of the Hellespont and ^Egean, namely, 

 cockle, oyster, mussel, limpet, whelk, pecten, solen, petunculus. A trochus and a 

 bored columbella may have been used for ornament. 



Most of the bones of pig were of young animals, in which the epiphyses had not 

 become attached. The antlers of red deer often had the tip of the brow-line sawn 

 off. They were generally cast antlers, or, at all events, knocked ofl near the cast- 



1879. D D 



