ADDRESS. 19 



generally angular, imbedded in a marly paste. . , . tbe fragments 

 have mostly travelled from a distance, apparently from the borders of 

 Wales, and some of them are three feet in diameter.' Some of the stones 

 are aa well scratched as those found in modern moraines or in the ordinary 

 boulder-clay of what is commonly called the Glacial Epoch. In 1865 

 the old idea was still not unprevalent that daring the Permian Epoch, 

 and for long after, the globe had not yet cooled sufficiently to allow of the 

 climates of the external world being universally affected by the constant 

 radiation of heat from its interior. For a long time, however, this idea 

 has almost entirely vanished, and now, in Britain at all events, it is. 

 little if at all attended to, and other glacial episodes in the history of 

 the world have continued to be brought forward and are no longer looked 

 upon as mere ill-judged conjectures. 



The same kind of brecciated boulder-beds that are found in our Per- 

 mian strata occur in the Eotheliegende of Germany, which I have visited 

 in several places, and I believe them to have had a like glacial origin. 



Ml'. G. W. Stow, of the Orange Free State, has of late years given 

 most elaborate accounts of similar Permian boulder-beds in South Africa. 

 There, great masses of moraine matter not only contain ice-scratched 

 stones, but on the banks of rivers where the Permian rock has been re- 

 moved by aqueous denudation, the underlying rocks, well rounded and 

 mammillated, are covered hj deeply incised glacier grooves pointing in a 

 direction which at length leads the observer to the pre-Permian mountains 

 from whence the stones were derived that formed these ancient moraines, i 

 Messrs. Blanford and MedUcott have also given in ' The Geology of 

 India ' an account of boulder-beds in what they believe to be Permian 

 strata, and which they compare with those described by me in England 

 many years before. There the Godwana group of the Talchir strata con- 

 tains numerous boulders, many of them six feet in diameter, and 'in one 

 mstance some of the hlocTcs were found to he polished and striated, and the 

 underlying Vindhyan rocks were similarly marhed. The authors also cor- 

 relate these glacial phenomena with those found in similar deposits in 

 South Africa, discovered and described by Mr. Stow. 



lu the Obve group of the Salt range, described by the same authors, 

 there is a curious resemblance between a certain conglomerate 'and that 

 of the Talchir group of the Godwana system.' This ' Olive conglomerate ' 

 belongs to the Cretaceous series, and contains ice-transported erratic 

 boulders derived from unknown rocks, one of which of red granite ' is 

 polished and striated on three faces in so characteristic a manner that 

 very little doubt can exist of its having been transported by ice.' One 

 block of red granite at the Mayo Salt Mines of Khewra 'is 7 feet high 

 and 19 feet m circumference.' In the ' Transition beds ' of the same 



inelvYo J^nSi^f °'^/?°''' °.? *^'^ ^''^j^^* ^' ^*i^^ ^ manuscript. It is so exceed- 

 GpoIoS'c; w^ 'Ti'°°' *^^* accompany it are of such unusual size, that the 

 ?en tTf ;L Orf/.'°^^* ""t f °''^ '^^^ publication. It was thought that the Govern! 

 wl fi ■ ,5 ^^ ^^^^ ^*'''*^ "^S^^ undertake this duty, but the late troubles in 

 South Africa have probably hindered this work-it is to be hoped only for a t"me 



C2 



