ON THE APPROPRIATION OF WAGES, ETC. 319 



of what is paid away only passes from hand to hand, and is not really ex- 

 pended. What is expended is the amount devoted to the production of 

 tbe articles consumed, and the amount paid to foreign countries for com- 

 modities imported, account being taken of the value of commodities re- 

 maining in existence, and for the use of which only a certain percentage 

 should be annually charged. The expenditure for education consists, not 

 in the salaries of teachers and other officers, but in the cost of buildings, 

 and materials used for purposes of instruction, together with the con- 

 sumption of the staff employed. The expenditure for amusements does 

 not consist in the remuneration of artists, save, as before, the cost of that 

 which they consume, but in the cost of buildings, appliances, and mate- 

 rials. Of the expenditure for alcoholic liquors a large portion remains in 

 the hands of distributors and goes to the State for revenue. Viewed in 

 this light the national balance-sheet will have on the one side the total 

 value of utilities produced, on the other the total amount of expenditure 

 of such utilities, the balance being the surplus left for accumulation, or 

 the amount of loss of national capital. 



The national income calculated in money value arises from the follow- 

 ing principal sources, viz. : — 



Land, Ironworks, Railways, Industry, 



Houses, Quarries, Canals, Manufactures, 



Mines, Fisheries, Shipping, Commerce, 



Receipts for services from foreign countries, 



Receipts from foreign and colonial investments, &c., &c. 

 In all cases the income from these different sources must be estimated 

 by the annual value of products of existing properties, annual value of 

 properties newly produced, and total amount of utilities created by dis- 

 tribution, after all expenses are deducted. 



The national expenditure may be distributed as follows : — 



State expenditure, viz. : Interest of public debt, civil service, mili- 

 tary and naval expenditure, &c. 



Local expenditure : Care of the poor, health, roads, &c. 



Productive industry for home consumption. 

 „ „ export. 



Religion, charity, education, science, and art. 



Public works of utility, viz. : Railways, canals, &c., &c. 



Investments in colonies and foreign countries. 

 The personal expenditure should be classified as follows : — 



Articles of food. 

 ,, drink. 



Clothing. 



House I'ent. 



Household furniture. 



Fire and light. 



Education, Church, Charity. 



Travelling and amusements. 



Domestic service. 



Luxuries : Tobacco, ornaments, dogs, and horses. 



Taxes. 

 The data available for the proposed inquiry are doubtless very in- 

 sufficient, nevertheless much authentic information is available. 



As regards income, the Inland Revenue Commissioners supply the 

 annual amount of property assessed to income and property tax. Although 



