TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION 1). — DEPT. ANTHROPOLOGY. 635 



The names, continued as heroic names and popular names by the Greeks, still 

 consisted of the lion, horse, wolf, &c., with the like termination, I)amas._ 



[The emblems on the coins of Lydia, &c., are found to correspond with Lydian 

 words of the same sound as the names of the cities.] 



We are further in a condition to provide for Khita comparative philology and 

 comparative grammar from living types on the lines so long laid down by me. 



7. Further Researches on the Prehistoric Belations of the Babylonian, 

 Chinese, and Egyptian Characters, La^iguage, and Culture, and their 

 Connection with Sign and Gesture Language. By Hyde Clarke, 

 V.P.A.L 



This was in continuation of a paper on Chinese and other characters, read at the 

 British Association Duhhn Meeting (Journal, 1878, p. 590). The writer repeated 

 that the characters and languages were of common origin, but of independent develop- 

 ment ; and the mythology also. The Chinese, Egyptian, Coptic, and Babylonian were 

 not truly monosyllabic ; but most of the assumed monosyllables are dissyllables. 

 He exhibited illustrations of two series of Chinese characters, the Tau or + series, 

 and the Round, 0, converted into square. The + in Chinese, differentiated, repre- 

 sents 10, scholar or literate, earth, son, shield, market, door, rich, finger-nail, bull, 

 and cow. He showed that all these differentiated cross-signs, representmg appa- 

 rently dissimilar ideas, are represented by words of an allied type in the cor- 

 responding languages. In dealing with the Round series, he gave similar illustra- 

 tions for the signs sun, moon, face, ring, pot, enclosed ground or field, and their 

 secondaries, woman, mother, blood, and also the numerals, four aud two. In this 

 series the Akkad or Babylonian characters conform, and, to some extent, Egyptian 

 aud Mexican. Mr. Clarke then passed to the Akkad phonetics, and these he showed 

 were illustrated by the corresponding languages, so that the phonetics in Babylonia 

 and China must have been invented by the "pre- Akkad races, before the develop- 

 ment of the Babylonian, and were not "invented in Babylonia. The characters and 

 the languages he connected witli sign or gesture language. Extending the illus- 

 trations by Col. Mallery, U.S.A., of the relations of the signs of the North American 

 Indians with Egyptian characters, Mr. Clarke gave further illustrations, and 

 showed that there were a common psychological relation of the pre-historic languages 

 and characters with the signs and gestures. Thus the languages and characters 

 were founded on the signs and not the reverse. He exhibited from the signs the 

 community of features between the signs and the languages. In reference to the 

 population which had propagated early culture throughout the world, he still main- 

 tained that it was a white race, which had been seated in the highland and lake 

 regions of Africa, and the migrations of which explain the early history of Egypt, 

 of Western Asia, and Europe, and the other regions of the world. 



8. On the ' Vei Syllalary ' of Liberia, West Afica. By Hyde Clarke, 



V.P.A.I. 



This syllabary had been discovered about 1849, by Lieut. Forbes, R.N., and 

 chronicled* by Rev. Dr. Koelle. The latter had been informed that it was invented 

 by one Doala Bakere, and it was regarded as a imique example of such invention in 

 those days. Mr. Clarke pointed out that it was not an alphabet, modelled on the 

 neighbouring English, Arabic, or even Barber, but was a syllabary on the ancient 

 model. The characters, sometimes ideographs, were not casual, but the exact 

 reproduction of Khita (Hittite), West China, ancient Shwo-wen Chinese, and 

 Babylonian, with occasional Egyptian, Libyan, Tamashek, and Berber, Cypriote, 

 and Iberian. It was also occasionally written from top to bottom like Khita, &c. 

 *l' [-+-] was employed alone and in combination, and also other well-known types. 

 He therefore did not doubt that the Vei represented an ancient syllabary, and that 

 it would be most valuable for the illustration of Khita and other ancient characters. 



