424 report — 1878. 



the screw being partially out of water, this tendency would be consider- 

 able. Accordingly we find that the direct effect of the screw prevailed 

 over the influence of the rudder, and when the screw was reversed the 

 vessel turned to starboard for all positions of the helm. The reversed 

 effect of the rudder was, however, very apparent, for the vessel went to 

 starboard while stopping much faster with the helm starboarded than 

 with the helm ported. 



The same phenomena exactly will be seen in the trials of the next 

 four vessels. 



Kongl. Gieenslca JVorsJc General Gunsulaiet i Stettin. 



Stettin, May 11, 1878. 



Sir, — Being a subscriber to the ' Navy ' I perused an article in No. 

 124, vol. v., of that journal (Oct. 7, 1876) regarding experiments on the 

 turning of screw steamers. 



The same inspired me with great interest in the matter it treats of, 

 and caused me to instruct the captains of my three steamers, Martha, 

 Marietta, Susanne (of which I subjoin the necessary particulars at foot), 

 to make the experiments in question. This has been done, and the 

 results obtained communicated to the Nautical Associations here and at 

 other German ports. Being indebted to you, as the promoter of these 

 experiments, for the idea, I consider it my duty to acquaint you with the 

 results of the experiments made by my captains, and venture to enclose a 

 translation of the report on same. I need not state that any comments 

 you might favour me with, or a few lines stating whether the conclusions 

 arrived at correspond to your own, would be most highly esteemed. 



I am, Sir, your most obedient, 



T. Ivees. 

 Professor Reynolds, Manchester. 



On the Steering of Steamships with Right-handed Screws, ivhen the vessel is 

 going ahead, but her engines reversed. 



The experiments made by Professor Reynolds, of Manchester, in refer- 

 ence to the correct steering of screw steamships, when going ahead with 

 the propeller working astern, and the results of the trials made with the 

 steamer Melrose, which have been published in the ' Glasgow News,' have 

 induced us, the undersigned, to try the three chief manoeuvres in question 

 with the steamers which we command. We subjoin a statement of the 

 results obtained, accompanied by sketch and explanation. 



As screw steamers differ from each other in respect of model, construc- 

 tion, and size of propeller and helm, draught of water, &c, there is 

 naturally a difference in the degree in which they deviate from a straight 

 course when making these movements. We would, therefore, recommend 

 every master to make experiments with his ship, with a view to ascertain- 

 ing in what way the helm should be handled in all conceivable emer- 

 gencies. 



I. Ship going ahead, propeller working astern, rudder amidships. 



Result. The stern turns to the right. 



Explanation. The rotation of the screw to the left presses the stern to 

 the left, and consequently the stem to the right ; the helm, which is amid- 



