TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 637 



Kaffir ring, but are much mixed, and though retaining the tactics, have hardly the 

 courage of the Zulu race. Towards the north end, they have met with more war- 

 like races and have more of the characteristics of the Zulu. Their great chief or 

 Chipatula resides on the highest lands west of Nyassa, about the 11th degree of 

 latitude. 



The dominant power north of the lake is the kingdom of Usanga or Urori, of 

 which the chiefs are said to have come from Madagascar. The present chief is 

 MerertS, whose town is on the slope northwards of the Kondi mountains. Between 

 them and the lake are the Wachunga, belonging to Merere, without clothing, 

 but with some aptitude for industry. 



East of the lake, behind the Livingstone mountains, are said to be the Gwan- 

 gwaras, a very warlike people who work in iron. 



The people of the neighbourhood have latety grown provisions, sugar-cane, &c, 

 much more largely, finding a market at the settlement, and this if extended to 

 various articles by the action of the new Company will probably cause the 

 chiefs no longer to sell their people. 



The Livingstonia staif have also assisted in forming a settlement on the Shire 

 junction road, which will be of use to the people imder the Makololo Chief. 

 There is here a mission station with a school. The rearing of cattle has been 

 successful here, and also of European grain and vegetables, the site being 3500 feet 

 above the level of the sea. 



The next station is proposed to be near the centre of the west side of the lake, 

 with the hope of influencing the Maviti, of whom the older persons still speak Zulu. 

 While retaining Livingstonia as an important station, with a good harbour suitable 

 for commerce, experience shows that a higher portion should be sought. So far, 

 relations with the Maviti have been opened very favourably. 



Last year, a second circumnavigation of the lake was made by Dr. Stewart, of 

 Lovedale, and Dr. Laws, of Livingstonia. At the north end they commenced 

 intercourse with the natives at the Kambwe, about fifty miles, and at the 

 Rombashi, about fifteeen miles from the north-east termination of the lake. 



From the first they foimd that there was a rather mountainous approach to 

 Lake Tanganyika, and from the second one more level, but, finding the natives 

 excited by their sudden appearance, they only paved the way for future exploration. 

 Near the upper end of the Livingstone Mountains they saw what appeared to be a 

 gorge, extending towards S.E. by E. true, which they were informed was the pass 

 used in visiting the Gwangwaras. They intended to have visited Merere, whose 

 capital lies five days to the north of the Rombashi, but were prevented by the 

 attitude of the Wachungu, who, though cordial at first, threatened a coalition of 

 the neighbouring chiefs against them, the steamer eventually sailing to the 

 Kambwe to avoid a collision. 



The maps prepared in anticipation of exploration by the Mission parties were 

 found useful, the position of the mountain ranges, rivers, towns, and highways 

 having been estimated with sufficient accuracy to be a substantial guide. Native 

 information indicates that the distance between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, 

 which was a disputed point, is about 200 miles, which would require the accep- 

 tance of Mr. Stanley's position of the south end of Tanganyika, which differs from 

 Livingstone's, or of a more easterly position of the north end of Lake Nyassa, 

 according to an observation taken on the Kondi Mountains, by the late Captain 

 Elton's party. 



The Eucalyptus has been introduced with success on the low ground at 

 Livingstonia, and by the kindness of the Governor-General in Council at Madras, 

 Wardian cases, containing cinchona, tea, and coffee plants, have been sent there 

 and to Blantyxe. 



4. Cyprus. By Major "Wilson, B.E., F.B.S. 



