and suggestions given me by Dr. Conklin all through the work. 
I wish also to state that I have referred constantly to the review of 
Taschenberg (1892) and especially to his long literature list. His 
paper is an excellent review up to the time of its publication. 
HIsTORICAL SKETCH OF THE THEORY. 
The word Parthenogenesis (Greek zap@évos, a virgin, yéveors, 
production) was first used by Owen’ in the sense of Alternation of 
‘Generations. 
In 1856, in his classic paper, ‘‘Wahre Parthenogenesis bei Schmet- 
terlingen und Bienen,’’ Carl Th. Ernst v. Siebold used the word in 
the sense of the development of eggs without fertilization, in which 
sense it has since been universally adopted. Previous to 1856 the 
phrase Zucina sine concubitu nulla and similar terms were used in 
practically the same sense in which the word parthenogenesis is 
now used. 
For the first observations on parthenogenetic development we 
must go back to Atistotle, as is true for the beginnings of so many 
lines of observation. This old Greek scientist recorded extensive 
observations on the Honey Bee which will be referred to in another 
place. 
The next writer who gave any intimation of a belief in such 
phenomena was Goedart (1667) who succeeded in raising larve 
from eggs laid by an unfertilized female of Orgyta gonostigma. 
After that Leenwenhoek (1695), Blancard (1696), Albrecht (1706) 
and Réamur (1737 and 1741) recorded somewhat similar results. 
In 1745 Bonnet, of emboitement fame, described, rather fully, 
parthenogenetic development in plant lice. Oscar Hertwig, in 
his ‘Historical Account of Embryology,’’ in the Axtwicklungs- 
fehre, speaks of Bonnet’s work in the strongest terms and does 
not hesitate to designate it as marking one of the milestones in 
the history of embryology. 
Just one hundred years after this, Dzierzon (1845) announced 
his theory on the parthenogenetic development of the drone eggs of 
the common bee, Ais mellifica, which will be treated more fully 
in a later section. During this period of one hundred years a 
1V. v. Prosch, in 1851, in Om Parthenogenesis og Genexationsvexel, et 
Bidrag til Generationstaeren (Kjobenhayn, Trijkt hos J. C. Scharling), used 
the word in the same sense. 
276  PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [0ct. 16, 
as Oe an 
