278 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [0ct. 16, 
stock’’ and ‘‘The bees produce drones without copulation.”’ 
Here we get a rather clear statement of what was rediscovered 
centuries later. 
Huish gives an account of other theories advanced, and a large 
part of the information from which these summaries of the earlier 
work were made is from his paper. 
1. Schirach says that the hive consists of three kinds of bees: 
(1) queens, the mother of the hive, (2) drones or males, and (3) 
workers, a middle sex with greater affinity to the queen but desti- 
tute of procreating powers. The parts which belong to the queen 
lay concealed in imperceptible minuteness, and just as soon as they 
-recelve the necessary space for their expansion, increase takes 
place in size and a queen is developed. Drones from fertile 
workers and queens arise from false or corrupted eggs, to which the 
name ‘‘abortion’’ is applied. Some of the opponents of Schirach 
‘held that all workers lay eggs, the view being based on the fact 
that in queenless hives drones are produced by the ‘fertile 
workers.”’ 
2. Herold was one of the greatest opponents of Schirach, main- 
taining that the queen copulates: with a male worker, producing 
male and female workers. The true workers, male workers, per- 
form their duties outside the hive, collect honey and pollen and 
copulate with the queen and female workers which remain inside 
the hive. The female workers lay eggs (fertilized by male 
workers) which produce drones of no sex whatever. This was at 
once proven false by an anatomical examination showing that the 
drones are males. The hive was then considered as an Amazon 
republic with drones raised to the rank of males or husbands, a 
view that had many supporters up to the time of Heinmetz. 
3. Heinmetz proposed a double genealogical tree for the bee 
family, symmetrically for both the male and female lines. (1) The 
queen as the great mother bee copulates with a male worker and lays 
eggs producing insects like their sire (male workers). If laid in large 
cells they produce great male bees, if the rudiments of a great male 
exists in the egg.’ ‘* But as only small male workers are the issue, 
although they may be bred in large cells, the conclusion must be 
drawn that in these male eggs the rudiment was only existing for 
small workers and that from these no great male bees are pro- 
1 Quotation from Huish. See former reference. 
