\ 
280 PHILLIPS—A REVIEW OF PARTHENOGENESIS.  [0et. 16, 
in queen cells or ‘degraded queens. The remaining workers are 
those which can breed only drones ; they are fertilized by the male 
workers and not by drones. The eggs of drones of May are laid 
by degraded queens. The ovaria of these queens cannot develop in 
the small cells and are weakened. During honey flow these 
degraded queens lay eggs. The eggs from which early drones arise 
are laid in the autumn and are outside the heat of the hive in 
winter, developing in spring. It is only when there is a deficiency 
of male workers that the queen is fertilized by a drone. 
HABITS OF THE BEE. 
In order to appreciate fully the experimental work done on the 
subject of the parthenogenetic development of the male bee, it is 
necessary to know something of the babits of the different members 
of the hive orcolony. The habits of no insect are better known to 
zoologists, but a very brief statement may not be out of place here, 
although necessarily incomplete.’ 
At the age of about five days the queen takes what is commonly 
spoken of as her ‘‘ marriage flight,’’ flying from the hive to meet a 
drone. She returns in about half an hour with the organs of the 
male generally hangi: g to her; the copulation taking place on the 
wing and the male being killed-in the operation. Before the mar- 
riage flight the spermatheca is filled with a clear fluid and afterward 
it contains a white liquid, the seminal fluid, the number of sperma- 
tozoa having been estimated at several millions. Since a queen lays 
during her lifetime, averaging three or four years, a total of possibly 
500,000 eggs, it will be seen that the apparatus for preserving sperm 
cells is very perfect. The spermatheca opens by a tube into the 
oviduct, the tube being surrounded by highly enervated muscles 
and accompanied by accessory glands which probably nourish the 
spermatozoa. ‘These muscles must contract during the laying of a 
1 The facts here given regarding bees are gathered from various sources and 
from personal observation, and only such facts are here introduced as seem 
necessary to a better understanding of the discussion following. For more de- 
tailed accounts any book on apiculture may be consulted, of which the follow- 
ing are some of the well known examples : 
Root, d B C of Bee Culture, Medina, O. 
Cook, Manual of the Ajiary, Lansing, Mich. 
Benton, 7he Honey Bee, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, 
